Table 1.
Mother–infant birth cohort characteristics.
| All | Enterotype I * | Enterotype II * | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | n = 27 | n = 10 | n = 9 | |
| Pre-gestational BMI (Kg/m2), 1 mean ± SEM | 23.61 ± 0.84 | 23.07 ± 1.33 | 26.11 ± 1.52 | 0.149 |
| Pregnancy weight gain (Kg), 1 mean ± SEM | 11.94 ± 1.00 | 10.91 ± 1.86 | 11.24 ± 1.24 | 0.886 |
| Antibiotic during pregnancy, 2 yes (%) | 9 (33.33) | 5 (50) | 2 (22.22) | 0.210 |
| Intrapartum antibiotic, 2 yes (%) | 15 (55.55) | 5 (59) | 8 (88.89) | 0.069 |
| Perinatal antibiotic, 2 yes (%) | 18 (66.67) | 7 (70) | 8 (88.89) | 0.313 |
| Gestational age (weeks), 1 mean ± SEM | 38.78 ± 0.26 | 38.70 ± 0.40 | 37.78 ± 0.22 | 0.065 |
| Mode of delivery: vaginal birth, 2 yes (%) | 13 (48.15) | 6 (60) | 1 (11.11) | 0.027 * |
| Primipara, 2 yes (%) | 11 (40.74) | 7 (70) | 4 (44.44) | 0.260 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 2 yes (%) | 3 (11.11) | 0 (0) | 2 (22.22) | 0.115 |
| Infant Characteristics | n = 23 | n = 11 | n = 11 | |
| Gender: Female, 2 yes (%) | 6 (26.09) | 2 (18.18) | 4 (36.36) | 0.252 |
| Birth weight (kg), 1 mean ± SEM | 3.04 ± 0.12 | 3.14 ± 0.21 | 2.99 ± 0.15 | 0.915 |
| BMI z-score at birth, 1 mean ± SEM | −0.70 ± 0.28 | −0.69 ± 0.39 | −0.52 ± 0.39 | 0.575 |
| 1st month | −0.75 ± 0.28 | −0.60 ± 0.44 | −0.84 ± 0.41 | 0.064 |
| 6th month | −0.27 ± 0.17 | −0.16 ± 0.32 | −0.40 ± 0.16 | 1.126 |
| 12th month | 0.11 ± 0.17 | 0.17 ± 0.19 | 0.07 ± 0.30 | 0.373 |
Maternal (n = 27) and infant (n = 23) characteristics associated with maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples (MP and UCP, respectively). Subjects were classified in Enterotype I or Enterotype II groups depending on the maternal gut microbial enterotype. Enterotype was determined in selected samples (n = 19–22). 1 p values were calculated with Student’s t-test. 2 p values were calculated using a X2 test. BMI, body mass index. S.E.M: standard error of the mean. * Enterotype group was obtained by using samples with available data on the maternal microbiota (see Materials and Methods Section).