Table 1.
Skin microbiota associated with nine common skin disorders.
| Disease | Associated Skin Microbiota | Additional Remarks | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Acne vulgaris | Particular C. acnes strains | Administered probiotic bacteria could play a protective role. | [71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79] |
| 2. Atopic Dermatitis | Decreased bacterial diversity. Increased abundance of S. aureus. | Herpes simplex virus and coxsackie virus can infect AD * skin. | [55,80,81,82,83] |
| 3. Psoriasis | Higher abundance of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. | Anti-psoriasis treatments lead to skin microbial changes. | [84,85,86,87,88] |
| 4. Hidradenitis suppurativa | Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast), Prevotella, and Porphyromonas (bacteria) | Anaerobic species in lesions. | [89,90] |
| 5. Rosacea | Demodex folliculorum(mites) | C. acnes decreased and Snodgrassella alvi increased. Geobacillus and Gordonia. | [91,92] |
| 6. Dandruff and Seborrheic dermatitis | Malassezia spp. (yeast) | Potential bacterial imbalance. | [93,94,95,96] |
| 7. Alopecia areata | Limited data. Possible imbalance C. acnes/ S. epidermidis. | Potential role of cytomegalovirus and/or Alternaria fungi. | [97,98,99] |
| 8. Skin cancer | Merkel bell Polyomavirus, Fusobacterium, and Trueperella, S. aureus. | Increase in certain strains of S. aureus in combination with a decrease in skin commensals can be associated to SCC * or BCC *, and that in MCPyV * can be associated to MCC *. | [100,101,102,103] |
| 9. Wound healing | S. aureus and biofilm-forming bacteria. | Lactobacilli and fermented products can be beneficial. | [104,105] |
* Abbreviations: Atopic dermatitis (AD), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), Merkel cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).