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View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Feb 11;11(2):118. doi: 10.3390/jpm11020118

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© 2021 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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PM-induced alteration in mucosa-kidney axis. PM-insulted mucosal barrier allows the translocation of PM, uremic retention solutes (URS), and their metabolites which can have detrimental effects on the mucosa-kidney axis via stress signaling including AhR-linked pathways. Moreover, invasive microbes and harmful metabolites from the altered microbiota community can contribute to the systemic and renal inflammation during PM exposure. In addition to renal distress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory mediators and the circulating xenobiotic agents including PM components and URS injure the mucosal barrier integrity in a feedback way.