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. 2021 Feb 11;11(2):118. doi: 10.3390/jpm11020118

Table 1.

Mucosal etiologies and interventions in response to PM exposure.

Mucosal Etiologies Mucosal Interventions
Detrimental microbial community Probiotic, Prebiotic, and other community modulators (SCFA, GLP-1)
Input Redox-active compounds (reactive oxygen species, oxidation end products of lipid and proteins) Endogenous and dietary antioxidants
uremic retention solutes (nutritional and microbial metabolites) Uremic toxin binders
Proinflammatory mediators Anti-inflammatory agents, microbial and endogenous regulators (SCFA, GLP-1)
Outcomes

  1. Barrier disruption

  2. Renal injury, inflammation, fibrosis

  1. Maintenance of barrier integrity

  2. Limited exposure of renal tissues to mucosa-derived insults