Table 3.

Description of the principal clinical effects of hop isomerized compounds.

Compound	Clinical Investigation		Biological Effect	Ref.
	Dose	Time of Treatment
Iso-humulone	16–32–48 mg 80mg	12 weeks 8 weeks	↓body weight ↓total fat area ↓BMI ↓fasting blood glucose ↓HbA1c ↓systolic blood pressure ↓GPT, GOT, $\gamma$GTP blood levels	[24,26,65]
IHE	Capsules containing 10.8 mgIHE/10 kg body weight	30 and 120 min after ingestion	↓triglyceride levels ↓glucose levels ↓insulin levels ↑FDM ↑NO ratio	[12]
Bitter hop extract	100 or 250 mg	24 h	↓hunger reduction	[66]
KDT501	escalating doses from 200 to a maximum dose of 1000 mg every 12 h	From 7 days to 28 days	↓total cholesterol ↓post-meal triglycerides ↑adiponectin ↓TNF-α ↓ACACA mRNA expression ↓DGAT mRNA expression	[69] [70]
THIAA	940 mg	Single oral dose	↓systematic inflammation ↓TNF-α ↓IL-6	[53]
RIAA	600 mg 500 mg 450 mg	Single oral dose 6 weeks 14 days	↓iCOX-2 ↓PGE2 ↓WOMAC Global score ↓VAS score ↓CYP2C9 (IC50 = 0,25 µg/mL) ↓CYP2C19 (IC50 = 6.1 µg/mL) ↑PGI-M/TXB2 ratio	[59,72]

Abbreviations: Rho-iso-α-acids RIAA; Tetrahydro-iso-α-acids THIAA; Potassium salt of the n-(isobutyl) congener of a tetrahydro iso-α-acid KDT501.