Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the cohort (n = 554)
| Age, years | 61.5 ± 19 |
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Male | 296 (53.4) |
| Female | 258 (46.6) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 204 (36.3) |
| Use of RAAS inhibitors | 52 (9.4) |
| Use of ARB inhibitors | 55 (9.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 62 (11.2) |
| COPD | 58 (10.5) |
| Asthma | 13 (2.3) |
| Other respiratory diseases | 22 (4) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 41 (7.4) |
| Active cancer | 33 (6) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 46 (6.6) |
| Previous TIA/stroke | 26 (4.7) |
| Liver disease | 22 (4) |
| Cognitive impairment | 72 (13) |
| Onset of symptoms, days | 6.5 ± 5.2 |
| Clinical features at ED admission, n (%) | |
| Fever | 461 (83.4) |
| Dyspnea | 209 (37.8) |
| Cough | 315 (57) |
| Conjunctivitis | 8 (1.4) |
| Rhinorrhea | 21 (3.8) |
| Sore throat | 39 (7.1) |
| Headache | 45 (8.1) |
| Asthenia | 90 (16.3) |
| Myalgia/Arthralgia | 67 (12.1) |
| Diarrhea | 81 (14.6) |
| Anosmia | 29 (5.2) |
| Ageusia/Dysgeusia | 51 (9.2) |
| Syncope | 6 (1.1) |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 20 ± 5 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 90 ± 16 |
| Arterial pressure, systolic – diastolic, mmHg | 127 ± 22 – 75 ± 13 |
| Body temperature, °C | 37.1 ± 0.8 |
| SpO2, % | 96.2 ± 3.7 |
| Laboratory tests | |
| White blood count—n/mmc | 7788 ± 5421 |
| Neutrophils—n/mmc | 6091 ± 6547 |
| Lymphocytes—n/mmc | 1673 ± 2906 |
| Eosinophils—n/mmc | 0.541 ± 0.1332 |
| Platelets—n/mmc | 221 ± 90 |
| aPTT | 1.80 ± 13 |
| INR | 1.2 ± 0.6 |
| Creatinine—mg/dl | 1.07 ± 0.99 |
| Urea—mg/dl | 44.2 ± 36.5 |
| Sodium—mmol/L | 138 ± 4.7 |
| Potassium—mmol/L | 4.1 ± 0.5 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase—U/L | 288 ± 185 |
| C-Reactive protein—mg/dl | 6.2 ± 7.2 |
| Procalcitonin—ng/ml | 1.7 ± 12 |
| Arterial blood gas | |
| pH | 7.42 ± 0.53 |
| PaO2—mmHg | 75 ± 20.1 |
| PaCO2—mmHg | 33.7 ± 6.6 |
| SatO2 | 96 ± 4.5 |
| P/F | 349.7 ± 97.2 |
| HCO3—mmHg | 23.8 ± 3.3 |
| Blood lactate—mmol/L | 1.2 ± 1 |
Data are presented as numbers (n) and percentages (%) for dichotomous values, and average and standard deviation for the continuous values. RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, ARBS angiotensin-receptor blockers, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, TIA transient ischemic attack, pTT partial thromboplastin time, INR international normalized ratio