Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the cohort comparing discharged and hospitalized patients
| Discharged (n = 170) | Hospitalized or death (n = 384) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 46.7 ± 14.8 | 68 ± 17 | < 0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Male | 72 (42.4) | 224 (58.3) | |
| Female | 98 (57.6) | 160 (41.7) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 23 (13.5) | 181 (47.1) | < 0.001 |
| Use of RAAS inhibitors | 5 (2.9) | 47 (12.2) | < 0.001 |
| Use of ARB inhibitors | 9 (5.3) | 46 (12) | 0.014 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8 (4.7) | 54 (14.1) | 0.001 |
| COPD | 3 (1.8) | 55 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma | 6 (3.5) | 7 (1.8) | NS |
| Other respiratory diseases | 3 (1.8) | 19 (5) | NS |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2 (1.2) | 39 (10.2) | < 0.001 |
| Active cancer | 5 (2.9) | 28 (7.3) | NS |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1 (0.6) | 45 (11.7) | < 0.001 |
| Previous TIA/stroke | 4 (2.4) | 22 (5.7) | NS |
| Liver disease | 3 (1.8) | 19 (5) | NS |
| Cognitive impairment | 0 (0) | 72 (18.8) | < 0.001 |
| Onset of symptoms, days | 7.2 ± 6.3 | 5.9 ± 4.6 | NS |
| Clinical features at ED admission, n (%) | |||
| Fever | 133 (78.2) | 328 (85.4) | 0.036 |
| Dyspnea | 53 (31.2) | 156 (40.6) | 0.037 |
| Cough | 109 (64.1) | 206 (53.6) | 0.026 |
| Conjunctivitis | 6 (3.5) | 2 (0.5) | 0.012 |
| Rhinorrhea | 12 (7.1) | 9 (2.3) | 0.014 |
| Sore throat | 26 (15.3) | 13 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
| Headache | 31 (18.2) | 14 (3.7) | < 0.001 |
| Asthenia | 33 (19.4) | 57 (14.8) | NS |
| Myalgia/Arthralgia | 37 (21.8) | 30 (7.8) | < 0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 32 (18.8) | 49 (12.8) | NS |
| Anosmia | 21 (12.4) | 8 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Ageusia/Dysgeusia | 32 (18.8) | 19 (5) | < 0.001 |
| Syncope | 1 (0.6) | 5 (1.3) | NS |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 17 ± 3 | 21 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 88 ± 15 | 91 ± 17 | NS |
| Arterial pressure, systolic – diastolic, mmHg | 133 ± 20 – 78 ± 11 | 125 ± 22 – 74 ± 13 | 0.001 |
| Body temperature, °C | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 37.3 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| SpO2, % | 97.8 ± 1.6 | 94.7 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as number (n) and percentage (%) for the dichotomous values, and average and standard deviation for the continuous values. RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, ARBs angiotensin-receptor blockers, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, TIA transient ischemic attack, NS not significant