Table 1.
tES after-effects on membrane polarity.
| References/Study | Methodology tES | Targets | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitsche and Paulus (15); Liebetanz (19); Stagg and Nitsche (55) | tDCS | Pre/post synaptic Na+ and Ca2+ channels | tDCS generates action potential via Na+ and Ca2+ channels by increasing presynaptic release of excitatory transmitters and Ca2+ influx |
| Zaghi et al. (33); Bikson et al. (56) | tDCS | Hippocampal neurons | Somatic polarization was obtained with electric field parallel to somato-dendritic axis in hippocampal neurons |
| Bikson et al. (56); Arlotti et al. (57); Rahman et al. (58); Pelletier and Cicchetti (32); Seo and Jun (59) | tDCS - aDCS - cDCS |
Structural components of neurons | Components at the cathode depolarize while those at the anode hyperpolarize |
| Francis et al. (60); Deans et al. (61); Reato et al. (62) | tACS | Neuronal resonance | tACS can induce cumulative effects over multiple cycles that can shift in spike timing. |
| Bindman et al. (11); Bikson et al. (56); Antal and Herrmann (63) | tDCS - aDCS - cDCS |
Transmembrane potentials | Constant electric field shifts neuronal transmembrane potential to less negative in cDCS and more negative in aDCS which makes it more prone to generate action potential. |
tES, transcranial electrical stimulation; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; tACS, transcranial alternating current stimulation; a/c tDCS, anodal/cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation.