Table 4.

tES after-effects on neuronal networks and connectivity.

References/Study	Methodology tES	Targets	Main results
Boros et al. (124); Vines et al. (125)	tDCS - aDCS	Motor cortex	aDCS of premotor cortex increases the excitability in ipsilateral motor cortex. Stimulation of primary motor cortex has inhibitory effect on contralateral motor area
Polanía et al. (131)	tDCS	Motor/premotor/somatosensory areas	Functional connectivity of cortical networks increased with aDCS with intra/interhemispheric connectivity changes
Peña-Gómez et al. (134)	tDCS	Default mode network and DLPFC	tDCS increased synchrony in anti-correlated network and reduced in default mode network
Stagg et al. (55)	tDCS	Cortical/cortico-striatal/thalamo-cortical motor pathways	tDCS modulates functional connectivity of cortical, cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical motor pathways
Fertonani and Miniussi (138)	tACS/tDCS	–	tES induces stochastic resonance which affects neuronal groups and induces wide range of global effects by facilitating or inhibiting a subthreshold signal

tES, transcranial electrical stimulation; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; tACS, transcranial alternating current stimulation; a/c tDCS, anodal/cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.