FIGURE 2.

Prediction errors in FND. Emotions are evoked by stimulations, and all stimulations have two features: whether it happens as predicted (arousal), and whether it fits into our physiological needs (valence). So it is said “All emotions are induced as feelings of hedonic pleasure and displeasure (valence, horizontal dimension), with some degree of arousal (prediction error, vertical dimension) (Russell and Barrett, 1999).” The FND patients have experienced stressful childhood, and so they have wrong coping styles at stressful situations, and have an exaggerated interception and emotions and behaviors, such as frozen or tremor, which are very common in FND patients.