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. 2021 Feb 15;9:633048. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.633048

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

The interactions between monoamine neurotransmitters with HPA axis. Stress induced emotional arousal and monoamine neurotransmitters can enhance HPA activity, which leads to excessive secretion of cortisol. On the other hand, the excessive cortisol, in turn can induce dysfunctional release of monoamine neurotransmitters (increase/decrease), which may be the pathogenesis of FND.