TABLE 1.

Emotional processing in FND.

Abnormal symptoms	Emotional processing	Activation brain areas	References
Stress/tremor Involuntary movement	Stressful/aggressive	Amygdala/LC-NE increased	Szaflarski et al., 2018
Myoclonus/seizure Jerk/twitch	Nervous/Fight-or-flight	Periaqueductal gray LC-NE increased	Aybek et al., 2015
Sensory changes Dry mouth Irritable bowel Urinary urgency	Nervous/Interoception	Left Heschl’s gyrus	Espay et al., 2018c
Sleep disturbance Insomnia/hypersomnia	Aversive prediction error/Calm	Periaqueductal gray 5-HT changed	Aybek et al., 2015
Pain, dystonia headache tingling and numbness of arms and legs Cognitive changes Brain foggy Forgetfulness	Enhanced Somatic activity No motivation	Precentral Prefrontal Striatum DA activity decreased	Espay et al., 2018c,Sojka et al., 2019,Fiess et al., 2015,Blakemore et al., 2016,Espay et al., 2018b
Poor concentration Depression Tiredness Dysphonia Stuttering	Nervous/Freezing	LC-NE/HPA axis decreased	Sojka et al., 2019
Limb weakness Paralysis Dropping things Uneven steps/drag leg knee buckling	Nervous/Freezing	LC-NE/HPA axis Decreased	Aybek et al., 2014,Morris et al., 2017,Aybek et al., 2014,Morris et al., 2017