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. 2021 Feb 15;12:593953. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.593953

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Copyright © 2021 Ma, Han, Song, Zhang, Shen, Huang, Zhao, Sun, Zhao and Min.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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β-carotene improved the protein expression of important makers in spermatogenesis. (A) IHF for important genes for spermatogenesis VASA, SYCP3, and PGK2. (B) Quantitative data for IHF of VASA. (C) Quantitative data for IHF of SYCP3. (D) Quantitative data for IHF of PGK2. ^a,b,c,d Means not sharing a common superscript are different (p < 0.05).