Table 1.

Demographics and baseline characteristics (open-label safety analysis set)

What went wrong?	Solutions
Small observational studies with highly variable results	Creation of national or international registries with harmonized data collection for emerging disease outbreaks that are operational both during and outside pandemic periods
Absence of observational data from outside traditional academic or research centres	Creation of national or international registries that collect data from all hospitals within a given jurisdiction
Few observational studies from low- and middle-income countries	Implementation of national electronic medical record systems in low and middle-income countries to allow for easy (or automated) data collection. National audits or registries for critical illness
Too many small clinical trials with inconclusive results	Avoidance of single centre and single region therapeutic trials Creation of national or regional ethics review boards Coordinated data collection between clinical trial networks Prioritization of large scale multicentre studies as well as collaborations between investigators with overlapping interests Medical societies to encourage clinical trial participation in place of off-label therapy use
Too many overlapping/competing clinical trials	Collaboration across clinical trial networks and funding agencies to ensure fewer, large-scale studies are funded or that small studies work together to generate larger datasets Prioritization of adaptive platform trials that enable parallel testing of multiple therapeutic options
Bureaucratic delays in setting up clinical trials	Fast-track approvals for pandemic-related clinical trials Creation of national or regional ethics review boards
Few therapeutic trials in low- and middle-income countries	Inclusion of low and middle-income countries in international multi-centre clinical trials Creation of clinical trial networks that include both high- and low-income countries Simplification of data collection forms Simplification of trial protocols Simplification of regulatory requirements for trials using already approved medications