Atorvastatin inhibits PAI-1 production in irradiated endothelial cells and regulates trans-endothelial migration of monocytes. (A) mRNA levels and (B) protein expression of PAI-1 in control (Con), atorvastatin (Atorva)-treated, irradiated (IR), and IR + Atorva human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). (C) Western blot analysis and (D) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of secreted PAI-1 in conditioned media. The protein content from conditioned media was normalized by Bradford assay. (E) Trans-endothelial migration of monocytes in Con and recombinant PAI-1 (rPAI-1)-treated HUVECs. Representative images of migrated CFSE-positive THP-1 cells. The migrated THP-1 cells were counted and plotted. (F) Trans-endothelial migration of carbosyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-stained THP-1 cells co-cultured with Con, Atorva, IR, and IR + Atorva HUVECs. Data are presented as the mean of ± standard deviation of triplicate experiments. Images are representative of 3 independent experiments. * p < 0.05 vs. negative control (Con), #
p < 0.05 vs. irradiated control (IR). Scale bars represent 100 μm.