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Redox balance in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cultures. NADPH is primarily produced in the oxidative processes of the PPP. The reducing effect of NADPH is important in ROS scavenging as well as in lipid and amino acid syntheses. In the cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC-3 and UMC3), the NADPH/NADP+ ratio is significantly lower in 3D than in 2D. These findings indicate that NADPH was consumed for ROS elimination and biomass biosynthesis. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
