Table 4.
Polyester enhancement strategies for bone fixation bioresorbable polyester materials.
| Enhancement Strategy | Enhanced Polyester Material | Reference | Modified Properties |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-reinforcement (oriented units) | SR-P(L/DL)LA | [40,49,50,51] | Strength and elasticity, thermal properties, degradation/absorption profile, retention of mechanical integrity |
| SR-PLLA, SR-PDLLA/PLLA | [22,44] | ||
| SR-PLA | [46,47,48] | ||
| Copolymers/blends | PLA stereocomplexation | [37,38,39] | |
| P(L/DL)LA (70:30) | [11] | ||
| PDLA (2:98) | [12] | ||
| PLLA/PGA | [13] | ||
| PLA-b-PLCL | [15] | ||
| PLLA/PHBV | [16] | ||
| P(L,DL)LA/TMC | [17] | ||
| PLLA/(PCL/LLA) | [18] | ||
| PLDGA/PLCL | [19] | ||
| PDLLA/P(TMC-CL) | [20] | ||
| Tuning of thermoforming parameters, nucleating agents, thermal post-processing | PDLA | [57] | |
| PLLA | [7,58] | Chain orientation and crystallinity | |
| Bioceramic reinforced co/polyester composites | PLLA/TCP, PHBV/TCP | [69] | Strength and elasticity, thermal properties, degradation/absorption profile, retention of mechanical integrity, endowment of bioactivity (osteoinduction) |
| PCL/HA | [62] | ||
| PLGA/nHA | [63] | ||
| PLLA/PLLA-grafted HA | [67] | ||
| PLGA/PLGA grafted CHA | [68] | ||
| P(3HB-co-3HHx)/nHA | [66] | ||
| PLGA/nHA, TCP, Mg-CP, Sr-CP | [88] | ||
| PLLA/phosphate glass fibres | [78,79,80,81,82,83] | ||
| PCL/CP glass fibres | [84] | ||
| PLA/CP (coupling agents) | [87] | ||
| Surface functionalisation | Covalent grafting techniques on PLLA, PCL, PLGA, PTMC substrates | [96] | Surface topography and roughness, surface free energy, and chemistry to improve cell adhesion and proliferation and/or induce specific responses |
| Chemical/plasma/laser on PLA substrates | [95,99] |