. 2021 Feb 14;10(2):418. doi: 10.3390/foods10020418

Table 1.

Amino acid composition (g/100 g dry matter, mean ± SD, duplicate analysis with composite sampling process) of different Vespa species broods, requirement of indispensable amino acid and amino acid scoring pattern as per the WHO/FAO/UNU [26] and amino acid scoring pattern (%).

	China			Korea	Indispensable Amino Acid Requirements ¹	Amino Acid Scoring Pattern ¹
	Vespa velutina	Vespa mandarinia	Vespa basalis	Vespa velutina	mg/kg Per Day	mg/g Protein	Amino Acid Score
	Vespa velutina	Vespa mandarinia	Vespa basalis	Vespa velutina	mg/kg Per Day	mg/g Protein	Vespa velutina	Vespa mandarinia	Vespa basalis	Vespa velutina
Leucine *	3.3 ± 0.18 ^b	3.2 ± 0.33 ^b	2.4 ± 0.16 ^c	4.3 ± 0.32 ^a	39	59	145.8	149.3	145.0	143.7
Valine *	2.3 ± 0.15 ^b	2.3 ± 0.24 ^b	1.6 ± 0.11 ^c	3.2 ± 0.25 ^a	26	39	152.2	158.3	149.9	161.5
Isoleucine *	2.1 ± 0.17 ^ab	2.1 ± 0.19 ^b	1.5 ± 0.07 ^c	2.7 ± 0.28 ^a	20	30	188.2	185.8	177.1	174.9
Methionine *	0.6 ± 0.04 ^a	0.3 ± 0.33 ^a	0.3 ± 0.07 ^a	ND	10	16	92.3	57.8	73.5	ND
Cysteine	0.3 ± 0.28 ^a	0.7 ± 0.68 ^a	0.1 ± 0.01 ^a	2.0 ± 1.13 ^a	4	6	123.1	312.7	77.2	643.6
Lysine *	2.3 ± 0.03 ^ab	2.3 ± 0.22 ^ab	1.9 ± 0.23 ^b	2.7 ± 0.07 ^a	30	45	134.2	137.2	148.9	116.6
Threonine *	1.6 ± 0.05 ^b	1.6 ± 0.12 ^b	1.2 ± 0.13 ^b	2.3 ± 0.14 ^a	15	23	188.1	183.2	182.9	193.7
Histidine *	1.2 ± 0.09 ^b	1.2 ± 0.21 ^b	0.9 ± 0.06 ^b	1.7 ± 0.14 ^a	10	15	212.8	208.5	211.5	217.8
Phenylalanine *	1.6 ± 0.01 ^ab	1.6 ± 0.39 ^ab	1.2 ± 0.16 ^b	2.1 ± 0.07 ^a	25	38	286.7	311.2	296.5	283.0
Tyrosine **	2.5 ± 0.10 ^ab	2.7 ± 0.38 ^ab	2.0 ± 0.13 ^b	3.3 ± 0.46 ^a	25	38	286.7	311.2	296.5	283.0
Arginine ***	1.7 ± 0.05 ^ab	0.8 ± 0.86 ^b	1.2 ± 0.13 ^ab	2.2 ± 0.18 ^a
Aspartic acid	2.4 ± 0.06 ^b	2.4 ± 0.45 ^b	1.8 ± 0.28 ^b	3.7 ± 0.04 ^a
Glutamic acid	7.6 ± 0.19 ^a	7.8 ± 1.6 ^a	6.2 ± 1.04 ^a	9.0 ± 0.96 ^a
Serine	1.7 ± 0.12 ^b	1.6 ± 0.09 ^bc	1.2 ± 0.13 ^c	2.4 ± 0.28 ^a
Proline	2.3 ± 0.23 ^a	2.1 ± 0.17 ^a	1.6 ± 0.05 ^b	2.4 ± 0.11 ^a
Glycine	2.4 ± 0.60 ^ab	2.3 ± 0.34 ^ab	1.6 ± 0.13 ^b	3.4 ± 1.03 ^a
Alanine	2.1 ± 0.69 ^a	2.0 ± 0.51 ^a	1.4 ± 0.16 ^a	3.4 ± 1.27 ^a
Total	37.9 ± 1.65 ^b	36.8 ± 2.37 ^b	28.1 ± 2.22 ^c	50.5 ± 4.74 ^a

* Essential amino acid. ** Conditional essential amino acid. *** Essential amino acid for children. ¹ All the values were obtained for the adult population from the WHO/FAO/UNU 2007 report of a joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation on protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. ND = Not detected. Superscripts indicate significant difference (p ≤ 0.05).