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. 2021 Feb 12;13(4):538. doi: 10.3390/polym13040538

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of CB loading on tensile stress versus strain behavior at 23 °C (a) and its derivative (slope; modulus (E)) for CB-filled SBR plotted versus linear strain (b) and logarithmic strain (c). Unitless strain (not %) used when determining E. Also shown is strain amplitude dependence of dynamic storage modulus (E’) at 60 °C and 10 Hz (d). Each blue dashed-line box has the same dimensions in both (c) and (d) to allow comparisons of the strain-induced softening (Payne effect). Results are replotted from Warasitthinon and Robertson [11].