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. 2021 Feb 12;13(2):602. doi: 10.3390/nu13020602

Figure 1.

Figure 1

LSF effect on cytokine and chemokine secretion. Cytokine and chemokine measurements in supernatants from healthy adult PBMCs (n = 14) following pre-treatment with 10 µM or 50 µM LSF or its metabolites (LSF-cys, LSF-GSH, LSF-NAc) for 24 h before stimulation with LPS (10 ng/mL) (A) or IMQ (5 mg/mL) (B) for a further 24 h. The medium control was used as the control group for comparisons with the TLR-stimulated groups; the DMSO control was used as the vehicle control for comparison with the LSF treatments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to the respective stimulation controls, assessed by a non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The median ± IQR range is displayed. Legend: • Control, • LPS, • IMQ, • LSF, • LSF-cys, • LSF-GSH, • LSF-NAc (10 µM are open circles and 50 µM are closed circles).Abbreviation: IL, interleukin; IMQ, imiquimod; IQR, inter-quartile range; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LSF, L-sulforaphane; LSF-cys, LSF-cysteine; LSF-GSH, LSF-glutathione; LSF-NAc, LSF-N-Acetyl-L-cysteine; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein -1; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RANTES, Regulated upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Presumably Secreted; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha.