Table 1.
Chemical analysis of bee bread from stingless bee across different geographical locations.
| Bee Species | Origin | Botanical Origin | Moisture (%) | Ash (%) | Total Lipid (%) | Protein (%) | Crude Fibres (%) | Total Carbohydrate (%) | Water Activity | pH | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heterotrigona itama | Malaysia | ND | 8.10 | 1.70 | – | 47.4 | – | 55.1 | – | – | [77] |
| Heterotrigona itama | Malaysia | ND | – | – | 2.17–4.80 | 17.22–18.37 | – | 32.74–58.73 | – | – | [78] |
| Heterotrigona itama | Malaysia | Mimosa pudica, Sphagneticola trilobata, Bidens pilosa, Cassia sp., Areca catechu, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Phaleria capitate, Cassia siamea, Citrus aurantifolia Ageratum conyzoides | 11.09–12.51 a | 2.54 a | 5.3 a | 22.6 a | – | 58.2 a | 0.73–0.85 | – | [22] |
| Heterotrigona itama | Malaysia | ND | 30.45 | 3.28 | 13.43 | 30.43 | – | 22.36 | – | – | [79] |
| Tetragonula laeviceps | Thailand | Trema micrantha, Cocos nucifera | 16.1 a | 2.30 a | 7.4 a | 15.5 a | – | 58.7 a | - | – | [80] |
| Tetragonula testaceitarsis | Cocos nucifera, Acacia sp. | 31.7 a | 2.20 a | 5.4 a | 17.9 a | – | 43.1 a | – | – | ||
| Lepidotrigona terminata | Trema micrantha, Cocos nucifera, Acacia sp | 25.3 a | 1.80 a | 5.3 a | 14.3 a | – | 53.4 a | – | – | ||
| Lepidotrigona flavibasis | Tapirira sp. | 22.8 a | 2.20 a | 4.9 a | 16.7 a | – | 53.3 a | – | – | ||
| Melipona sp. aff. eburnea | Venezuela | Fabaceae Papilionoideae (46%), Malpighiaceae (26%) | 48.54 | 2.33 | 3.19 | 18.32 | – | 27.62 | – | – | [81] |
| Scaptotrigona sp. f. ochrotricha | Malpighiaceae (54%), Fabaceae Papilionoideae (20%), | 43.49 | 1.94 | 6.72 | 16.80 | – | 31.03 | – | – | ||
| Meliponini seminigra | Brazil | ND | 53.39 | 4.03 a | 10.81 a | 37.63 a | 9.30 a | 25.66 a | 0.91 | 3.70 | [82] |
| Meliponini interrupta | ND | 37.12 | 2.74 a | 6.47 a | 25.00 a | 13.65 a | 44.27 a | 0.85 | 3.34 | ||
| Tetragonula biroi Friese | Philippines | ND | 14.15–16.73 | 3.23–3.97 a | 2.64–5.43 a | 19.55–23.55 a | – | 53.05–59.94 a | 0.60–0.67 | 3.73–4.13 | [83] |
| Tetragonula angustula | Venezuela | ND | 23.56–25.45 | 1.90–2.22 | 3.98–5.43 | 18.10–26.31 | – | 42.25–49.4 | – | – | [84] |
| Frieseomelitta sp. aff. Varia | Southern Venezuela | Antigonon sp., Astronium sp., Avicennia sp., Bidens sp., Eupatorium sp., Scrophularia nodosa Solanum americanum | 29.96 | 3.13 | 3.51 | 24.72 | – | 38.68 | – | – | [9] |
| Melipona compressipes | 32.75 | 2.85 | 4.12 | 21.01 | – | 39.27 | – | – | |||
| Melipona eburnean | 35.89 | 2.54 | 6.03 | 18.44 | – | 37.10 | – | – | |||
| Melipona favosa | 29.01 | 2.92 | 4.38 | 22.31 | – | 41.38 | – | – | |||
| Melipona sp. fulva | 31.65 | 2.45 | 5.72 | 19.43 | – | 40.75 | – | – | |||
| Melipona lateralis kangarumensis | 38.32 | 2.76 | 4.80 | 21.77 | – | 32.35 | – | – | |||
| Melipona paraensis | 42.74 | 1.93 | 5.23 | 19.08 | - | 31.02 | – | – | |||
| Melipona mandacaia | Brazil | ND | 36.0 | 4.9 | – | 21.0 | 3.6 | – | 0.86 | 3.49 | [85] |
| Scaptotrigona mexicana | Cañada Blanca, Mexico | Heliocarpus sp., Bursera simaruba, Chamaecrista sp., Desmodium adscendens, Desmodium tortuosum, Eugenia capuli, Bidens pilosa, Vernonia sp., Pouteria sp., Verbesina sp., Coccoloba sp. | 24.6 | 3.1 | 0.46 | 22.01 | – | 31.99 | – | 3.46 | [86] |
| Scaptotrigona mexicana | Manuel León, Mexico |
Bursera simaruba, Parthenium fruticosum, Helianthus sp., Spondias mombin, Solanum sp., Chamaecrista sp., Serjania sp., Heliocarpus sp., Vernonia sp., Pithecellobium sp. Coccoloba sp., Bidens pilosa. |
15.5 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 20.49 | - | 33.10 | – | 3.61 | [86] |
| Scaptotrigona mexicana | Fortín de las Flores, Mexico | Spondias mombin, Dendropanax arboreus, Solanum sp., Verbesina sp., Heliocarpus sp., Pouteria sp., Cordia sp., Vernonia sp., Eugenia sp., Dysphania ambrosioides, | 26.7 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 21.06 | – | 35.02 | – | 3.64 | [86] |
| Melipona scutellaris | Brazil | Tapirira guianensis, Spondias mombin, Syagrus sp., Hylocereus undatus, Pueraria phaseoloides, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Pithecellobium dulce, Ossaea sp., Miconia sp., Psidium sp., Corymbia torrelliana, Myrcia obovate, Syzygium samarangense, Campomanesia sp., Eugenia stipitate, Eugenia uniflora, Plinia cauliflora, Solanum macrocarpon, Solanum stipulaceum, Solanum sp., Cestrum sp., Allophylus sp. | 44.71 | 1.84 | 4.25 | 23.88 | 0.87 | 24.48 | 0.92 | 3.75 | [71] |
| Melipona scutellaris | Brazil | Cocos nucifera, Spondias, Tapirira, Bidens, Vernonia, Protium, Terminalia, Erythroxylum, Acalypha, Croton, Acacia, Caesalpinia, Centrosema, Chamaecrista, Desmodium, Leucaena, Macroptilium, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Mimosa pudica, Mimosa quadrivalvis, Mimosa tenuiflora. | 47.3–55.7 | 3.45–5.90 | 2.43–7.94 | 10.19–24.02 | – | 10.85–28.89 | – | 3.28–3.99 | [33] |
a Dry weight; ND = not determined.