Table 2.
Univariate analysis, comparisons of demographic and clinical features between diagnostic SARS-CoV-2 Ct groups.
| A | B | C | p | η2 | A vs. B * | A vs. C * | B vs. C * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ct ≤ 20 | 20 < Ct ≤ 28 | Ct > 28 | ||||||
| (n = 55) | (n = 55) | (n = 90) | ||||||
| Age, years | 64 (39–78) | 57 (50–67) | 52 (40–63) | 0.017 | 0.396 | 0.381 | 0.011 | 0.025 |
| Male sex, n | 31 (56.4%) | 32 (58.2%) | 53 (58.9%) | 0.956 | - | 0.848 | 0.766 | 0.933 |
| Comorbidity, n | ||||||||
| None | 15 (27.3%) | 23 (41.8%) | 49 (54.4%) | 0.006 | 0.052 | 0.375 | 0.004 | 0.413 |
| Hypertension | 27 (49.1%) | 13 (23.6%) | 16 (17.8%) | <0.0005 | 0.077 | <0.0005 | 0.009 | 0.999 |
| COPD/asthma | 12 (21.8%) | 6 (10.9%) | 15 (16.7%) | 0.306 | - | 0.124 | 0.441 | 0.341 |
| Overweight/obesity | 8 (14.5%) | 8 (14.5%) | 11 (12.2%) | 0.892 | - | 0.999 | 0.689 | 0.689 |
| Active Smoking | 12 (21.8%) | 2 (3.6%) | 9 (10.0%) | 0.01 | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.093 | 0.735 |
| Diabetes | 8 (14.5%) | 6 (10.9%) | 5 (5.6%) | 0.186 | - | 0.569 | 0.067 | 0.239 |
| Cancer | 5 (9.1%) | 5 (9.1%) | 7 (7.8%) | 0.947 | - | 0.999 | 0.781 | 0.781 |
| Others | 11 (20.0%) | 19 (34.5%) | 16 (17.8%) | 0.08 | - | 0.164 | 0.515 | 0.028 |
| Time from COVID-19 onset to swab collection, days | 3 (2–5) | 5 (3–9) | 5 (3–10) | 0.011 | 0.144 | 0.02 | 0.026 | 0.999 |
| Number of signs and symptoms at diagnosis, n | 4 (3–6) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–3) | 0.007 | 0.058 | 0.037 | 0.008 | 0.977 |
| Hospital admissions, n | 41 (74.5%) | 35 (63.6%) | 51 (56.7%) | 0.096 | - | 0.218 | 0.031 | 0.409 |
| Worst oxygen support, n | 0.495 | - | 0.923 | 0.28 | 0.377 | |||
| None | 24 (43.6%) | 28 (50.9%) | 47 (52.2%) | |||||
| Low-flow wall oxygen to reservoir | 20 (36.4%) | 11 (20.0%) | 29 (32.2%) | |||||
| CPAP | 7 (12.7%) | 11 (20.0%) | 11 (12.2%) | |||||
| Intubation | 4 (7.3%) | 5 (9.1%) | 3 (3.3%) | |||||
| Outcomes, n | <0.0005 | 0.191 | <0.0005 | <0.0005 | 0.678 | |||
| Complete recovery | 16 (29.1%) | 39 (70.9%) | 72 (80.0%) | |||||
| Sequelae | 19 (34.5%) | 9 (16.4%) | 13 (14.4%) | |||||
| Death | 20 (36.4%) | 7 (12.7%) | 5 (5.6%) | |||||
| Disease severity, n | 0.004 | 0.169 | 0.204 | 0.003 | 0.62 | |||
| Home isolation | 14 (25.4%) | 20 (36.4%) | 39 (43.3%) | |||||
| Hospital admission: | ||||||||
| Without oxygen support | 10 (18.2%) | 8 (14.5%) | 8 (8.9%) | |||||
| With low-flow wall oxygen to reservoir | 5 (9.1%) | 8 (14.5%) | 26 (28.9%) | |||||
| With CPAP | 3 (5.4%) | 7 (12.7%) | 10 (11.1%) | |||||
| With intubation | 3 (5.4%) | 5 (9.1%) | 2 (2.2%) | |||||
| Death | 20 (36.4%) | 7 (12.7%) | 5 (5.6%) | |||||
| A | B | C | p | η2 | A vs. B * | A vs. C * | B vs. C * | |
| Ct ≤ 20 | 20 < Ct ≤ 28 | Ct > 28 | ||||||
| (n = 35) | (n = 48) | (n = 85) | ||||||
| Outcomes among survivors, n | <0.0005 | 0.162 | 0.001 | <0.0005 | 0.999 | |||
| Complete recovery | 16 (45.7%) | 39 (81.2%) | 72 (84.7%) | |||||
| Sequelae | 19 (54.3%) | 9 (18.8%) | 13 (15.3%) | |||||
| Type of Sequelae, n | ||||||||
| Dyspnea | 11 (57.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.022 | 0.004 | 0.067 | 0.999 | 0.024 |
| O/G dysfunction | 6 (31.6%) | 4 (44.4%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.579 | - | 0.677 | 0.704 | 0.376 |
| Chronic cough | 3 (15.8%) | 3 (33.3%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.294 | - | 0.352 | 0.264 | 0.264 |
| Others | 3 (15.8%) | 1 (11.1%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.945 | - | 0.998 | 0.976 | 0.999 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPAP, continuous positive airways pressure; O/G dysfunction, olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction. Eta-squared effect size for Kruskal–Wallis test was deemed as 0.01 < 0.06 small effect, 0.06 < 0.14 moderate effect, and ≥0.14 large effect. * Post hoc analysis, Bonferroni correction was applied in the pairwise comparisons when the p-value at Kruskal–Wallis H test was <0.05.