Table 4.

Effects of theaflavins in leukemic cancers.

Cell Line/Animal Model	Treatment	Effects	Reference
U937	100 µM TF1 and TF3 16 h	↑Apoptosis	[36]
U937	0–100 µM TF1, TF2a, TF2b, and TF3 12 h	↓Cell growth ↑PARP cleavage	[37]
WEHI-3B JCS	TF1, TF2a, TF2b, and TF3 10–20 µM 48 h	↓Proliferation ↑Cytotoxicity ↓Clonogenic Survival ↑DNA fragmentation ↑Apoptosis	[38]
LH-60	3.9, 16, 63, 250, 100 µg/mL TF1 TF2b, and TF3	↓Proliferation	[39]
HL-60 K-562	1–1000 µg/mL TF1 or black tea extract 24 h	↓Growth ↓Proliferation ↓Cell viability ↑DNA Fragmentation	[40]
U937, K562	0–100 μg/mL theaflavins; 24 h ½ IC50: 22.3 μg/mL for U937 and 25.1 μg/mL for K562 cells; 24 h IC50: 44.6 μg/mL for U937 and 50.2 μg/mL for K562 cells; 24 h	↓Cell viability ↑Apoptosis ↑Cell cycle arrest at the G0 ⁄G1 phase ↑p21 ↑p19 ↑p27 ↓CDK2 ↓CDK4 ↓CDK6 ↓Cyclin D1 ↓Hsp90 ↓P-Akt ↓Gsk-3b ↓Nuclear b-catenin ↑FOXO1	[41]
Arp Opm1	T5550 Black Tea Extract 10–20 µg/mL 24 h	↓20S proteasome activity ↓Proliferation	[42]
Syngeneic BALB/c mice (WEHI-3B JCS xenograft)	Pre-treatment with TF1, TF2a, TF2b, and TF3 10–20 µM 48 h	↓Tumorgenicity	[38]

Legend: ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.