Table 9.

Effects of theaflavins in liver cancer.

Cell Line/Animal Model	Treatment	Effects	Reference
Human liver BEL-704	3.9–250 µg/mL TF1, TF2a, TF2b, and TF3	↓ Cell growth	[39]
HCCLM3, Huh-7, and LO2	0–80 µg/mL theaflavins 24–28 h	↓ Cell viability ↑ Apoptosis ↑ Cleaved-caspase 9 ↑Cleaved-caspase 3 ↑Cleaved-PARP ↓Pro-caspase-3 ↓Pro-PARP ↓p-STAT3 ↓STAT ↓Bcl-3 ↓Survivin ↓MMP-2 ↓MMP-9	[62]
Male BALB/c athymic mice (CWR22Rn1 cells)	10 mg/kg/d theaflavins peritoneal injection daily for 5 weeks	↓Tumor size ↑ Apoptosis ↓Metastasis	[62]
Female Swiss albino Mice (intraperitoneal injection of CCl4/NDEA)	10 µg/kg body weight (oral) TF1 Pre-treatment group: daily for 15 days prior to carcinogenesis Continuous treatment group: daily for 15 days prior and throughout study (10–30 weeks) Post-treatment group: daily following carcinogenesis until end of study (10–30 weeks)	↓ Cell proliferation ↑ Apoptosis ↓ AFP ↓ CD44 ↓ β-catenin ↑ sFRP1 ↑ APC ↓ Gli↓ SMO ↑ PTCH1 ↓ Cyclin D1 ↓ c-Myc ↓ EGFR ↑ E-cadherin	[63]
Female Swiss albino mice (oral NDEA)	10 µg/kg body weight (oral) TF1 Pre-treatment group: daily for 15 days prior to carcinogenesis Continuous treatment group: daily for 15 days prior and throughout study (10–30 weeks) Post-treatment group: daily, 6 weeks after carcinogenesis until end of study (10–30 weeks)	↓ Cell proliferation ↑ Apoptosis ↓ mRNA β-catenin ↑ mRNA sFRP1 ↑ mRNA APC ↓ mRNA Gli ↓ mRNA SMO ↓ mRNA cyclin D1 ↓ mRNA c-Myc ↓ mRNA EGFR ↑ mRNA E-cadherin	[64]

Legend: ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.