Table 2.
Class C (major: drug combinations requiring close monitoring for potentially serious clinical consequences, such as severe adverse effects or lack of clinical efficacy) and class D (contraindicated: drug combinations that should be avoided) drug–drug interactions and potential adverse events of COVID-19 patients at admission versus discharge to the hospital
| Severe DDIs and their main perpetrators | Admission | Discharge |
|---|---|---|
| No. of potentially severe DDIs | 96 | 109 |
| Increased risk of cardiotoxicity | 30 (31%) | 32 (29%) |
| Amiodarone-induced DDIs | 7 | 8 |
| Furosemide-induced DDIs | 7 | 7 |
| Proton pump inhibitor-induced DDIs | 3 | 3 |
| Promazine-induced DDIs | 3 | 4 |
| Trazodone-induced DDIs | 3 | 3 |
| Others | 7 | 7 |
| Altered effect of antithrombotic therapy | 18 (19%) | 28 (27%) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid-induced DDIs | 5 | 13 |
| SSRI-induced DDIs | 4 | 7 |
| Amiodarone-induced DDIs | 3 | 1 |
| Proton pump inhibitor-induced DDIs | 2 | 2 |
| Others | 4 | 5 |
| Increased risk of myopathy (rhabdomyolysis) | 15 (15%) | 11 (10%) |
| CCB-induced DDIs | 6 | 7 |
| Vitamin K inhibitor-induced DDIs | 4 | 1 |
| Fibrate-induced DDIs | 2 | 2 |
| Others | 3 | 1 |
| Increased risk of hypoglycemia | 7 (7%) | 3 (3%) |
| Insulin + metformin | 4 | 2 |
| Others | 3 | 1 |
| Electrolyte disorders | 6 (6%) | 9 (8%) |
| SSRI-induced DDIs | 4 | 5 |
| Others | 2 | 4 |
| Depression of CNS respiratory function | 6 (6%) | 8 (7%) |
| Opioid-induced DDIs | 4 | 6 |
| β-agonist-induced DDIs | 2 | 2 |
| Others | 14 (15%) | 18 (17%) |
DDI drug–drug interaction, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, CCB calcium channel blockers, CNS central nervous system