Figure 4.

Schematic diagram of the mechanism of tumor vascular rupture after radiofrequency-assisted gadofullerene nanocrystal (GFNC) treatment. GFNC particles injected intravenously into tumor-bearing mice penetrate the vulnerability of tumor vascular ECs. When radiofrequency irradiation is applied, the sudden volume expansion of GFNCs can lead to the destruction of vascular endothelial cadherin at the junction of endothelial adhesion bodies of tumor vessels, thereby increasing vascular permeability and realizing the destruction of tumor vessels. Reproduced from Li and Zhen et al. [139,190].