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. 2021 Feb 11;13(2):282. doi: 10.3390/v13020282

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Berberine and obatoclax are effective against SARS-CoV-2 Nijmegen1 isolate. Vero E6 cells were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Nijmegen1 isolate at an MOI of 0.01 for 24 h in the presence of the indicated concentrations of (A–C) berberine (BBR) or (B) obatoclax (OLX) in a two-fold dilution series or 0.1% DMSO as a control. (A,B) Viral RNA from duplicate cell culture supernatants (red line in panel A) was quantified by qRT-PCR and plotted as percentage inhibition compared to the DMSO control. For BBR-treated cells, both extracellular and Intracellular viral RNA was analyzed (red and blue lines, respectively). Intracellular viral RNA levels were normalized to the human β-actin housekeeping gene. (C) Infectious viral titers from duplicate cell culture supernatants were quantified by plaque assay and plotted as percentage inhibition compared to the DMSO control. Error bars indicate SD. Dashed line indicates 50% inhibition. (D) The ratio of relative genome copies to infectious viral particles in cell culture supernatants for the indicated, non-toxic BBR concentrations and DMSO control.