Table 1.
Findings from the randomized clinical trials on cardiorenal outcome with antihypertensive and anti-hyperglycaemic drugs.
| RCT | Publication Date | Active Drug/ Comparator |
No. Patients | Median Follow-Up (yrs.) |
Baseline eGFR (mL/min/m2) | Baseline Albuminuria |
Risk of Composite CV Endpoint |
Risk of CV Death |
Risk of Composite Renal Outcome | Reduced Proteinuria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOPE/MICRO-HOPE [83] | 2000 | Ramipril vs. Placebo |
3577 | 4.5 | n.a. | 553 mg/g | −25% | −37% | −16% | 9% |
| RENAAL [59,85] | 2001 | Losartan vs. Placebo |
1513 | 3.4 | 39.5 | 1168 mg/g | −10% | −2% | −16% | −35% |
| DIABHYCAR [84] | 2004 | Ramipril vs. Placebo |
4912 | 4 | n.a. | 65 mg/L | −3% | 3% | −7% | −19% |
| SUSTAIN-6 [87] | 2016 | Semaglutide vs. Placebo |
3297 | 2.1 | 76.1 | 38.6 mg/g | −26% | −2% | n.a. | n.a. |
| EMPA-REG [71,88] | 2017 | Empagliflozin vs. Placebo |
7020 | 3.1 | 74.2 | 25.51 mg/L | −14% | −38% | −46% | n.a. |
| CANVAS [72,78,89] | 2017 | Canagliflozin vs. Placebo |
10,142 | 2.4 | 76.7 | 12.3 mg/g | −14% | −13% | −40% | −27% |
| ADVANCE-ON [68] | 2018 | Perindopril/Indapamide vs. Placebo | 8766 | 7.7 | n.a. | 48.7 mg/g | −16% | −19% | −37% | n.a. |
| CREDENCE [74,78] | 2019 | Canagliflozin vs. Placebo |
4401 | 2.62 | 56.3 | 923 mg/g | −20% | −22% | −30% | −40% |
| DECLARE-TIMI58 [73,90] | 2019 | Dapagliflozin vs. Placebo |
17,160 | 4.2 | 85.4 | n.a. | −7% | −2% | −47% | n.a. |
| DAPA-HF [91] | 2019 | Dapagliflozin vs. Placebo |
4744 | 1.52 | 66 | n.a. | n.a. | −18% | −29% | n.a. |
| REWIND [92] | 2019 | Dulaglutide vs. Placebo |
9901 | 5.4 | 77.2 | 15.93 mg/g | −12% | −% | −15% | −23% |
| SONAR [79,80] | 2019 | Atrasentan vs. Placebo |
11,087 | 2.2 | 44 | 797 mg/g | −12% | 10% | −35% | 39% |
| FIDELIO-DKD [81] | 2020 | Finerenone vs. Placebo |
5734 | 2.6 | 44.4 | 833 mg/g | −14% | −14% | −18% | −19% |