Table 2.
Trends in daily consumption of pure alcohol for Korean adults aged ≥ 19 years from 1998 to 2018 using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
| KNHANES | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I (1998) |
II (2001) |
III (2005) |
IV (2007–2009) |
V (2010–2012) |
VI (2013–2015) |
VII (2016–2018) |
p for Trend † | |
| Total (n) | 7501 | 7092 | 6526 | 16,187 | 17,394 | 16,069 | 16,854 | |
| Alcohol intake ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | 8.37 ± 0.49 | 9.86 ± 0.57 | 13.07 ± 0.83 | 15.03 ± 0.52 | 15.97 ± 0.59 | 16.67 ± 0.53 | 14.98 ± 0.49 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by education ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| ≤Middle school | 11.55 ± 1.76 | 11.68 ± 1.81 | 14.08 ± 2.89 | 19.19 ± 3.82 | 21.05 ± 5.37 | 20.64 ± 4.12 | 15.68 ± 1.73 | <0.001 |
| High school | 9.35 ± 0.90 | 10.88 ± 1.11 | 13.70 ± 1.25 | 15.68 ± 0.76 | 16.88 ± 0.92 | 17.35 ± 0.91 | 15.08 ± 0.77 | <0.001 |
| ≥College | 10.14 ± 1.27 | 10.51 ± 1.05 | 14.87 ± 1.46 | 15.96 ± 1.43 | 16.03 ± 0.89 | 15.67 ± 0.91 | 14.81 ± 0.70 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by income ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Low | 9.54 ± 0.90 | 10.00 ± 0.95 | 14.10 ± 1.55 | 14.90 ± 1.00 | 15.37 ± 1.23 | 15.02 ± 1.01 | 13.23 ± 0.94 | <0.001 |
| Middle-low | 7.83 ± 0.96 | 9.92 ± 0.97 | 12.36 ± 1.66 | 16.10 ± 1.07 | 16.42 ± 1.21 | 16.42 ± 1.06 | 14.69 ± 0.92 | <0.001 |
| Middle-high | 9.83 ± 1.04 | 10.99 ± 1.24 | 12.92 ± 1.28 | 14.46 ± 0.93 | 16.49 ± 1.08 | 17.01 ± 1.14 | 16.22 ± 1.04 | <0.001 |
| High | 6.54 ± 0.78 | 9.00 ± 0.84 | 12.48 ± 1.50 | 15.14 ± 1.06 | 15.76 ± 0.94 | 18.32 ± 1.18 | 16.02 ± 1.04 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by occupation ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Manual | 11.49 ± 0.94 | 15.74 ± 1.49 | 18.09 ± 1.77 | 20.48 ± 1.49 | 20.73 ± 1.45 | 24.68 ± 1.82 | 17.98 ± 1.28 | <0.001 |
| Non-manual | 9.44 ± 0.96 | 10.49 ± 1.00 | 15.62 ± 1.82 | 18.37 ± 1.16 | 18.21 ± 0.97 | 16.93 ± 0.87 | 16.67 ± 0.77 | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 4.89 ± 0.57 | 5.39 ± 0.54 | 7.33 ± 0.79 | 7.76 ± 0.54 | 7.09 ± 0.67 | 8.74 ± 0.67 | 7.95 ± 0.58 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by region ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Urban | 7.87 ± 0.56 | 9.74 ± 0.64 | 12.66 ± 0.88 | 14.64 ± 0.58 | 15.66 ± 0.63 | 16.31 ± 0.57 | 14.94 ± 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Rural | 10.17 ± 1.18 | 9.89 ± 1.04 | 14.71 ± 1.99 | 16.65 ± 1.35 | 16.97 ± 1.58 | 18.08 ± 1.35 | 14.67 ± 1.27 | <0.001 |
| Men (n) | 3480 | 3253 | 2918 | 6592 | 7129 | 6712 | 7165 | |
| Alcohol intake ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | 14.78 ± 0.92 | 16.28 ± 0.98 | 22.15 ± 1.49 | 25.21 ± 0.98 | 27.27 ± 1.08 | 27.21 ± 0.94 | 23.94 ± 0.89 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by education ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| ≤Middle school | 21.39 ± 2.65 | 20.08 ± 2.97 | 26.41 ± 4.79 | 38.34 ± 8.16 | 42.88 ±12.63 | 31.88 ± 5.54 | 25.89 ± 3.35 | <0.001 |
| High school | 14.73 ± 1.35 | 17.51 ± 1.84 | 21.58 ± 2.07 | 25.15 ± 1.37 | 28.42 ± 1.68 | 28.87 ± 1.73 | 25.22 ± 1.44 | <0.001 |
| ≥College | 13.72 ± 1.74 | 14.34 ± 1.41 | 21.39 ± 2.07 | 24.84 ± 2.24 | 25.20 ± 1.59 | 25.16 ± 1.70 | 22.41 ± 1.26 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by income ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Low | 16.92 ± 1.56 | 16.25 ± 1.61 | 22.60 ± 2.79 | 24.71 ± 1.80 | 26.73 ± 2.35 | 24.73 ± 1.78 | 20.38 ± 1.68 | 0.002 |
| Middle-low | 13.88 ± 1.83 | 15.94 ± 1.69 | 20.87 ± 3.00 | 26.55 ± 1.94 | 27.63 ± 2.23 | 26.35 ± 1.86 | 23.76 ± 1.64 | <0.001 |
| Middle-high | 17.15 ± 1.90 | 18.77 ± 2.29 | 22.03 ± 2.41 | 24.96 ± 1.77 | 28.17 ± 2.02 | 27.33 ± 2.05 | 25.84 ± 1.86 | <0.001 |
| High | 11.54 ± 1.53 | 14.72 ± 1.48 | 22.48 ± 2.63 | 25.39 ± 1.98 | 26.63 ± 1.73 | 30.73 ± 2.06 | 26.14 ± 1.85 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by occupation ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Manual | 15.69 ± 1.23 | 19.11 ± 1.73 | 23.87 ± 2.19 | 26.82 ± 1.80 | 27.91 ± 2.01 | 31.32 ± 2.22 | 22.61 ± 1.63 | <0.001 |
| Non-manual | 14.16 ± 1.56 | 15.29 ± 1.49 | 25.24 ± 3.57 | 28.22 ± 2.07 | 30.15 ± 1.88 | 26.83 ± 1.67 | 25.85 ± 1.41 | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 13.71 ± 1.87 | 13.01 ± 1.97 | 18.82 ± 3.37 | 21.05 ± 2.48 | 17.25 ± 2.11 | 16.98 ± 2.70 | 17.33 ± 2.26 | 0.059 |
| Alcohol intake by region ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Urban | 13.71 ± 1.06 | 16.18 ± 1.14 | 21.53 ± 1.61 | 24.53 ± 1.10 | 26.75 ± 1.15 | 27.06 ± 1.03 | 23.89 ± 0.96 | <0.001 |
| Rural | 18.40 ± 2.07 | 16.18 ± 1.69 | 23.92 ± 3.35 | 28.00 ± 2.34 | 28.78 ± 2.80 | 26.92 ± 2.19 | 23.35 ± 2.23 | <0.001 |
| Women (n) | 4021 | 3839 | 3608 | 9595 | 10,265 | 9357 | 9689 | |
| Alcohol intake ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | 2.09 ± 0.23 | 3.54 ± 0.39 | 4.00 ± 0.41 | 4.81 ± 0.27 | 4.65 ± 0.26 | 5.90 ± 0.33 | 5.79 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by education ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| ≤Middle school | 2.95 ± 0.68 | 3.94 ± 0.74 | 6.39 ± 3.34 | 5.63 ± 1.40 | 6.09 ± 1.40 | 12.13 ± 6.28 | 7.07 ± 1.47 | 0.001 |
| High school | 1.85 ± 0.34 | 3.00 ± 0.55 | 5.11 ± 0.77 | 5.83 ± 0.47 | 4.56 ± 0.39 | 5.95 ± 0.45 | 5.81 ± 0.48 | <0.001 |
| ≥College | 1.53 ± 0.34 | 3.02 ± 1.03 | 2.68 ± 0.60 | 2.89 ± 0.31 | 3.94 ± 0.37 | 4.61 ± 0.40 | 5.45 ± 0.42 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by income ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Low | 2.20 ± 0.61 | 4.18 ± 0.89 | 5.26 ± 1.03 | 4.64 ± 0.55 | 4.47 ± 0.51 | 5.00 ± 0.55 | 6.02 ± 0.54 | 0.004 |
| Middle-low | 2.06 ± 0.37 | 3.77 ± 0.94 | 4.08 ± 0.71 | 5.45 ± 0.60 | 4.58 ± 0.52 | 6.10 ± 0.67 | 5.63 ± 0.56 | <0.001 |
| Middle-high | 2.23 ± 0.45 | 3.17 ± 0.53 | 3.96 ± 0.74 | 4.16 ± 0.43 | 4.81 ± 0.59 | 6.57 ± 0.82 | 6.03 ± 0.65 | <0.001 |
| High | 1.94 ± 0.35 | 3.19 ± 0.59 | 2.66 ± 0.53 | 4.70 ± 0.51 | 4.84 ± 0.55 | 5.89 ± 0.59 | 5.42 ± 0.58 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by occupation ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Manual | 2.22 ± 0.54 | 2.50 ± 0.44 | 2.58 ± 0.52 | 4.47 ± 1.13 | 5.62 ± 0.93 | 8.15 ± 3.23 | 5.30 ± 1.15 | 0.038 |
| Non-manual | 2.14 ± 0.45 | 3.50 ± 0.54 | 4.43 ± 0.59 | 5.96 ± 0.45 | 5.31 ± 0.41 | 6.07 ± 0.40 | 6.61 ± 0.48 | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 1.80 ± 0.25 | 2.71 ± 0.41 | 3.75 ± 0.63 | 4.11 ± 0.40 | 3.42 ± 0.38 | 4.89 ± 0.43 | 4.85 ± 0.50 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake by region ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Urban | 2.15 ± 0.27 | 3.44 ± 0.40 | 3.94 ± 0.42 | 4.89 ± 0.30 | 4.78 ± 0.28 | 5.70 ± 0.36 | 5.88 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| Rural | 1.73 ± 0.34 | 3.17 ± 0.72 | 4.66 ± 1.49 | 4.07 ± 0.58 | 3.73 ± 0.58 | 7.22 ± 0.93 | 4.91 ± 0.80 | <0.001 |
Bold values indicate p for trends < 0.05. † p for trends by multivariate linear regression. ‡ Age-standardized based on the 2005 Korean census, and p for trends adjusting for age.