Table 3.
Trends in daily consumption of pure alcohol by different types of alcohol for Korean adults aged ≥ 19 years from 1998 to 2018 using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
| KNHANES | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ (1998) |
Ⅱ (2001) |
Ⅲ (2005) |
Ⅳ (2007–2009) |
Ⅴ (2010–2012) |
Ⅵ (2013–2015) |
Ⅶ (2016–2018) |
p for Trend † | |
| Total (n) | 7501 | 7092 | 6526 | 16,187 | 17,394 | 16,069 | 16,854 | |
| Alcohol intake ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Total | 8.37 ± 0.49 | 9.86 ± 0.57 | 13.07 ± 0.83 | 15.03 ± 0.52 | 15.97 ± 0.59 | 16.67 ± 0.53 | 14.98 ± 0.49 | <0.001 |
| Beer | 1.38 ± 0.13 | 1.69 ± 0.18 | 2.42 ± 0.24 | 2.87 ± 0.15 | 3.59 ± 0.18 | 3.79 ± 0.17 | 3.66 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Makgeolli § | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.74 ± 0.14 | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 1.56 ± 0.11 | 1.40 ± 0.12 | 0.85 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Wine | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Cheongju § | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.226 |
| Soju § | 6.08 ± 0.38 | 7.46 ± 0.47 | 9.32 ± 0.63 | 10.86 ± 0.45 | 9.97± 0.45 | 10.83 ± 0.44 | 9.95 ± 0.40 | <0.001 |
| Liquor | 0.22 ± 0.07 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.32 ± 0.09 | 0.40 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.15 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.26 ± 0.06 | 0.024 |
| Other § | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.101 |
| Men (n) | 3480 | 3253 | 2918 | 6592 | 7129 | 6712 | 7165 | |
| Alcohol intake ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Total | 14.78 ± 0.92 | 16.28± 0.98 | 22.15 ± 1.49 | 25.21 ± 0.98 | 27.27 ± 1.08 | 27.21 ± 0.94 | 23.94 ± 0.89 | <0.001 |
| Beer | 2.07 ± 0.23 | 2.39 ± 0.30 | 3.25 ± 0.41 | 3.90 ± 0.24 | 5.33 ± 0.30 | 5.41 ± 0.29 | 4.84 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
| Makgeolli § | 0.92 ± 0.17 | 0.61 ± 0.14 | 1.39 ± 0.28 | 0.98 ± 0.11 | 2.66 ± 0.20 | 2.42 ± 0.23 | 1.42 ± 0.12 | <0.001 |
| Wine | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.002 |
| Cheongju § | 0.16 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.09 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.28 ± 0.09 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.569 |
| Soju § | 11.17 ± 0.72 | 12.85 ± 0.83 | 16.53 ± 1.16 | 19.30 ± 0.86 | 17.86 ± 0.84 | 18.37 ± 0.79 | 16.92 ± 0.73 | <0.001 |
| Liquor | 0.28 ± 0.11 | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.18 | 0.69 ± 0.16 | 0.99 ± 0.29 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.46 ± 0.10 | 0.004 |
| Other § | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.072 |
| Women (n) | 4021 | 3839 | 3608 | 9595 | 10,265 | 9357 | 9689 | |
| Alcohol intake ‡ (g/d, mean ± SE) | ||||||||
| Total | 2.09 ± 0.23 | 3.54 ± 0.39 | 4.00 ± 0.41 | 4.81 ± 0.27 | 4.65 ± 0.26 | 5.90 ± 0.33 | 5.79 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
| Beer | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 0.96 ± 0.13 | 1.57 ± 0.24 | 1.84 ± 0.14 | 1.80 ± 0.13 | 2.09 ± 0.12 | 2.45 ± 0.14 | <0.001 |
| Makgeolli § | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.10 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | <0.001 |
| Wine | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Cheongju § | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.047 |
| Soju § | 1.11 ± 0.16 | 2.20 ± 0.30 | 2.10 ± 0.29 | 2.38 ± 0.19 | 2.09 ± 0.21 | 3.16 ± 0.27 | 2.78 ± 0.23 | <0.001 |
| Liquor | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.206 |
| Other § | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.599 |
Bold values indicate p for trends < 0.05. † p for trends by multivariate linear regression. ‡ Age-standardized based on the 2005 Korean census, and p for trends adjusting for age. § Makgeolli as a traditional Korean rice wine, cheongju as a traditional Korean clear refined rice wine, soju as a Korean distilled spirit, and other including cocktail and champagne.