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. 2021 Feb 13;12(2):268. doi: 10.3390/genes12020268

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of factors contributing to autoimmunity in patients with Down syndrome. Autoimmunity represents a complex process in which immune dysregulation, genetics, and environmental factors act together. Each factor is capable of influencing and being influenced by the others. Immune dysregulation: Both the innate component (left) and the adaptive component (right) show alterations. Genetic and epigenetic: Genes and miRNAs. Environment: Precocious aging, dietary habits, drugs, microbiota, and chronic inflammation. (IFN: interferon; IFNR: interferon receptor; Ig: immunoglobulin; Treg: T regulatory cell; TRECs: T cell receptor excision circles; AIRE: autoimmune regulator.)