Figure 1.

Jarrah (Barnes 10+) honey and Synthetic H₂O₂ Honey inhibit the germination of T. rubrum conidia. (a) Length of hyphae and conidia following treatment for 48 h with ½× MIC–4× MIC of Jarrah (Barnes 10+) honey (left), ½× MIC–4× MIC of Synthetic H₂O₂ Honey (middle) or Synthetic H₂O₂ Honey starting at around the level estimated to be present in Jarrah (Barnes 10+) honey (right). ½× MIC levels of Jarrah (Barnes 10+) and ½× MIC Synthetic H₂O₂ Honey completely suppressed conidial germination, however, Synthetic H₂O₂ Honey that contained a level of H₂O₂ calculated to be close to that present in 1× MIC Jarrah (Barnes 10+) honey (25 µM) was not able to do this, with suppression seen only when the concentration was ≥200 µM. Ethanol at 70% (v/v) was used as a positive control. Bars represent the median and numbers above the data indicate the number of hyphae/conidia measured. Data in the left and middle panels are representative of two independent replicates. (b) Representative images of conidia and hyphae stained with calcofluor white following treatment with Jarrah (Barnes 10+) honey (top row) or Synthetic H₂O₂ Honey (bottom row). Arrows indicate germinated conidia. The scale bar represents 10 µm. **** p ≤ 0.0001.