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. 2021 Feb 12;10(2):377. doi: 10.3390/cells10020377

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Wnt pathway activation by thiol-modified ManNAc analogs in hNSCs. (a) qRT-PCR results showed WNT1, WNT3a, and WNT7b were statistically upregulated more strongly by thiol-modified ManNAc analogs than by sized-matched non-thiolated analogs when compared to the untreated control as indicated by the p values annotated using the blue lines; as shown by the black lines, statistically significant results were also observed for the newly-developed Ac₅ManNTProp and Ac₅ManNTBut thio-analogs compared to Ac₅ManNTGc, our previous thiolated ManNAc analog. (b) Transcript analysis of CTNNB1 (β-catenin) and particularly for GSK3β showed stronger upregulation by thiol-modified ManNAc analogs compared to their size-matched controls; in addition, statistically significant differences were again observed between the thio-analogs with both β-catenin and GSK3β most strongly upregulated in Ac₅ManNTProp-treated hNSCs. (* indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001; if no value is shown, the results were not significantly different).