Table 3.
Association between nut consumption (highest vs. lowest median intake) and metabolic outcomes in the study sample.
| Hypertension | Type 2 Diabetes | Dyslipidemia | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) * | |||
| Total nuts | |||
| Model 1 a | 0.67 (0.56–0.81) | 0.33 (0.22–0.49) | 0.62 (0.49–0.80) |
| Model 2 b | 0.62 (0.47–0.80) | 0.45 (0.26–0.75) | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) |
| Model 3 c | 0.61 (0.46–0.80) | 0.44 (0.26–0.74) | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) |
| Chestnuts | |||
| Model 1 a | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 0.79 (0.52–1.18) | 0.76 (0.57–1.01) |
| Model 2 b | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | 0.68 (0.39–1.17) | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) |
| Model 3 c | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 0.67 (0.39–1.17) | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) |
| Peanuts | |||
| Model 1 a | 0.89 (0.70–1.15) | 1.07 (0.67–1.73) | 0.72 (0.51–1.00) |
| Model 2 b | 0.92 (0.65–1.29) | 1.17 (0.62–2.22) | 0.68 (0.43–1.08) |
| Model 3 c | 0.91 (0.64–1.28) | 1.16 (0.61–2.20) | 0.68 (0.43–1.09) |
| Pistachios | |||
| Model 1 a | 0.84 (0.64–1.10) | 0.67 (0.39–1.15) | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) |
| Model 2 b | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | 0.62 (0.30–1.30) | 1.16 (0.71–1.90) |
| Model 3 c | 0.86 (0.59–1.25) | 0.63 (0.30–1.30) | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) |
| Walnuts | |||
| Model 1 a | 1.09 (0.86–1.40) | 0.89 (0.56–1.42) | 1.22 (0.89–1.67) |
| Model 2 b | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 0.79 (0.42–1.49) | 1.03 (0.66–1.61) |
| Model 3 c | 1.18 (0.83–1.67) | 0.84 (0.44–1.60) | 0.99 (0.63–1.55) |
| Almonds | |||
| Model 1 a | 0.77 (0.61–0.98) | 1.31 (0.84–2.04) | 1.11 (0.81–1.51) |
| Model 2 b | 0.70 (0.50–1.00) | 1.22 (0.66–2.24) | 1.23 (0.79–1.92) |
| Model 3 c | 0.70 (0.49–0.99) | 1.17 (0.63–2.15) | 1.26 (0.80–1.96) |
| Hazelnuts | |||
| Model 1 a | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.94 (0.56–1.58) | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) |
| Model 2 b | 1.07 (0.73–1.56) | 1.35 (0.70–2.60) | 1.12 (0.69–1.80) |
| Model 3 c | 1.06 (0.73–1.55) | 1.34 (0.70–2.58) | 1.12 (0.70–1.81) |
* The odds ratios refers to the highest vs. the lowest median intake of nut including: total nuts > 11.6 g/d (mean 39.7 g/d vs. 4.3 g/d), chestnuts > 4.5 g/d (mean 33.7 g/d vs. 2.1 g/d), peanuts > 0.6 g/d (mean 3.3 g/d vs. 0.2 g/d), pistachios > 0.3 g/d (mean 1.6 g/d vs. 0.1 g/d), walnuts > 0.6 g/d (mean 4.5 g/d vs. 0.3 g/d), almonds > 0.6 g/d (mean 4.7 vs. 0.2 g/d), and hazelnuts > 0.6 g/d (mean 3.9 g/d vs. 0.2 g/d). a Adjusted for total energy intake. b Adjusted as model 1 plus age, sex, educational and occupational status, smoking status, and physical activity level. c Adjusted as a model 2 plus adherence to the Mediterranean diet.