Figure 2.

LTAP regulates proliferating and aging factors in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). HDFs were exposed to LTAP for 1, 3, or 5 min, and further incubated for 24 h. (A) Expression levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), matrix metallopeptidase-3 (MMP-3), and collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) were analyzed by Western blotting. β-actin was used as a loading control. Numerical values on the blots represent DU. The control was normalized to 1 DU. All data represent three independent experiments. (B) mRNA expression analysis for TGF-β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), MMP-3, COL1A1, and COL3A1 was performed by qRT-PCR. Data represent three independent experiments and are the means ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (control vs. LTAP-exposed cells).