Table 1.
Sample characteristics (N = 51).
| FAS/PFAS (n = 11a) | HE (n = 14) | Controls (n = 26) | Test statistic | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Age at delivery (years) | 30.8 | (4.0) | 26.0 | (5.2) | 26.4 | (6.1) | 2.97 | 0.061 |
| Level of education (years)b | 7.8 | (1.7) | 8.9 | (2.9) | 10.1 | (1.7) | 4.72 | 0.013 |
| Socioeconomic statusc, d | 11.5 | (2.3) | 21.3 | (8.2) | 26.6 | (6.9) | 19.98 | < 0.001 |
| Food securitye | ||||||||
| Food secure n (% yes) | 2 | (18.2) | 3 | (21.4) | 10 | (38.5) | 2.12 | 0.346 |
| Hunger n (% yes) | 8 | (72.7) | 7 | (50.0) | 9 | (34.6) | 4.57 | 0.102 |
| Prenatal alcohol exposuref | ||||||||
| AA/day (oz)g | 1.3 | (0.8) | 0.9 | (1.0) | 0.0 | (0.0) | 20.10 | <0.001 |
| AA/drinking day (oz)h | 4.8 | (2.1) | 3.7 | (3.0) | 0.0 | (0.0) | 34.87 | <0.001 |
| Frequency (days/week)i | 1.8 | (0.9) | 1.2 | (1.0) | 0.0 | (0.0) | 31.59 | <0.001 |
| Prenatal smoking (cigarettes/day)j | 8.0 | (6.8) | 4.5 | (4.3) | 2.9 | (4.7) | 3.88 | 0.027 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.1 | (3.0) | 38.6 | (2.9) | 39.4 | (1.7) | 0.37 | 0.696 |
| Birth weight (g)k | 2591.8 | (458.5) | 2765.7 | (503.0) | 3040.6 | (451.7) | 4.03 | 0.024 |
| Age at testing (years)l | 12.4 | (1.5) | 10.6 | (0.5) | 11.2 | (1.3) | 7.60 | 0.001 |
| Sex n (% male) | 3 | (27.3) | 4 | (28.6) | 8 | (30.8) | 0.05 | 0.974 |
| WISC-IV FSIQm | 65.5 | (10.7) | 76.1 | (17.7) | 77.6 | (12.9) | 3.01 | 0.059 |
| ADHD (% yes) | 2 | (18.2) | 2 | (14.3) | 4 | (15.4) | 0.07 | 0.964 |
Note. Unless otherwise stated, values presented are means (standard deviations). FAS = fetal alcohol syndrome; PFAS = partial FAS; HE = heavily exposed nonsyndromal; AA = absolute alcohol; WISC-IV = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition; FSIQ—IV = Full Scale IQ. Test statistics are either F or χ2 depending on whether the variable was continuous or categorical.
FAS n = 7; PFAS n = 4.
FAS/PFAS < HE (p = .04) and Control (p = .03); HE = Control (p = .83).
Based on Hollingshead (2011) Inventory.
FAS/PFAS < HE (p = .001) and Control (p = < 0.001); HE < Control (p = .02).
Based on Bickel et al. (2000) guide to measuring household food security.
1 oz AA/day ≈ 2 standard drinks.
FAS/PFAS = HE (p = .15) > Control (ps < 0.001).
FAS/PFAS = HE (p = .14) > Control (ps < 0.001).
FAS/PFAS > HE (p = .046) > Control (ps < 0.001).
FAS/PFAS = HE (p = .10); FAS/PFAS > Control (p = .008); HE = Control (p = .33).
FAS/PFAS = HE (p = .36); FAS/PFAS < Control (p = .01); HE < Control (p = .08).
FAS/PFAS > HE (p < .001) and Control (p = .006); HE = Control (p = .13).
FAS/PFAS < HE (p = .07) and Control (p = .02); HE = Control (p = .76).