Table 1.
Pharmacological effects of natural antioxidants in iron deficiency anemia.
| Bioactive Compound | Doses | In Vitro/ In Vivo/ Clinical Study |
Model | Bioactive Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron from Moringa leaves | 10% and 20% dehydrated Moringa leaves |
in vivo | iron-deficient diet in Wistar rats | ↑ serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin concentration Dietary iron from Moringa leaf was found to be superior compared with ferric citrate (35 mg/kg) in overcoming the effects of iron deficiency in rats |
[61] |
| Sulfate Ulva polysaccharide (SUE) |
Low-dose group (SUE-iron (III) with iron concentration of 0.8 mg/mL, 0.7 mg kg−1 BW, Fe) High-dose group (SUE-iron (III) with iron concentration of 2.3 mg/mL, 2.0 mg kg−1 BW, Fe) |
in vivo | iron deficiency anemia in Wistar rats | ↑ RBC number ↑ serum iron ↓ TIBC ↓ IL-4 returnes Hb to the normal levels |
[47] |
| Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide-iron (III) complex | APS-iron (III) complex with the iron content 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg | in vivo | Iron-deficiency anemia rodent model | ↑ Hb ↑ SOD and CAT ↓ MDA |
[62] |
| Ginger + iron supplem. | 215 mg | clinical study | iron deficiency anemia 62 pacients 18–65 years |
↑ plasma iron ↑ plasma ferritin ↓ TIBC |
[63] |
| Quercetin + FeSO4 | 50 mg·kg−1 quercetin + 50 mg·kg−1 FeSO4 | in vivo | Iron deficiency anemia rat model | ↑ Hb ↑ serum iron level ↑ iron stores in spleen ↑ expression of SLC40 -improve red blood cells level -↓ CD68 macrophage activation -↓ iNOS expression in splenic red pulp |
[64] |
| Low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera (LPE)-iron (III) complex | Low LPE-iron (III) complex group (0.7 mg Fe/kg body weight) High LPE-iron (III) complex group (2 mg Fe/kg body weight) |
in vivo | iron deficiency anemia rat model | - improved the growth of rats with IDA ↑ Hb ↑ RBC numbers ↑ HTC ↑ serum iron ↓ TIBC level ↑ EPO level -alleviated the hypertrophy of spleen -improved the liver coefficient |
[65] |
| Aqueous extract of Mangifera indica stem bark | 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight | in vivo | iron deficiency anemia rat model | ↑ PCV, Hb and RCB count ↑ lactase and sucrase activity |
[66] |
| Aqueous extract of the stem bark of Theobroma cacao (TC) | 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight | in vivo | iron deficiency anemia model albino rats |
↑ PCV, Hb and RCB count ↑ intestinal lactase and sucrase activity |
[67] |
| Caulis spatholobi (CS) | cells treated with 400 mg/mL of extract AIN-76A diet containing 10.8% dried CS |
in vitro in vivo |
Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines Huh7 and HepG2 C57BL/6 mice diet containing 108 g dried CS per kilogram (10.8%) |
↓ HAMP expression in Huh7 and HepG2 cells ↓ BMP-6-induced HAMP expression ↓ IL-6-induced HAMP expression ↑ iron mobilization in mice ↓ phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 ↓ hepatic iron levels ↑ serum iron levels in mice |
[68] |
| Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) | 1 g/kg | in vivo | iron deficiency anemia in Sprague Dawley rats | ↓ hepcidin expression | [50] |
| Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) | 1 g kg−1 | in vivo | iron deficiency anemia Sprague Dawley rats |
↓ hepcidin expression | [51] |
| Beetroot juice (Beta vulgaris L.) | 200 mL | clinical study | Twenty female soccer players 23.13 ± 0.77 years old |
↑ Hb, HTC, RBC, iron, and ferritin levels ↓ TIBC |
[58] |
| Beetroot juice (Beta vulgaris L.) | 100 mL | clinical study | adolescent girls | ↑ Hb | [59] |
| Beet powder (Beta Vulgaris L.) with Fe supplementation | 8 g beetroot powder | clinical study | 30 pregnant women with anemia | ↑ Hb, HTC, ↑ the number of erythrocytes |
[60] |
| Carica papaya | 110 g of papaya | clinical study | 42 pregnant women | ↑ Hb ↑ HTC |
[69] |
| Sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.) | 100 g | clinical study | first trimester pregnant women | ↑ Hb | [70] |
| Baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata) | 60, 80, and 100 g | clinical study | 32 pregnant with iron deficiency anaemia | ↑ Hb, PCV ↑ serum ferritin |
[71] |
| Aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa seeds | 400 mg of the extract/kg body weights | -nutritional anemia model -hemorrhagic anemia ratmodel |
↑ HB, PCV, and RBC count of hemorrhagic anemic rats ↑ the Hb level of the nutritionally iron-deficient rats |
[72] | |
| Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) | 8 g | clinical study | healthy female volunteers (age range, 22 to 24) | ↑ Hb ↓ TIBC ↑ ferritin ↓ transferrin ↑ serum iron levels |
[57] |
↑ increase/upregulated; ↓ decrease/downregulated; SUE, sulfate Ulva polysaccharide; RBCs, red blood cells; Hb, hemoglobin; TIBC, total iron-binding capacity; IL-4, interleukin 4; APS, Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; MDA, malonyldialdehyde; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; LOOH, lipid hydroperoxide; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; HTC, hematocrit; LPE, low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera; EPO, erythropoietin; PCV, packed cell volume; TC, aqueous extract of the stem bark of Theobroma cacao; HAMP, hepcidin antimicrobial peptide; CS, Caulis spatholobi; ASP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide; SMAD4, SMAD family member 4; BMP-6, bone morphogenic protein 6; FeSO4, ferrous sulfate.