Table 1.

Roles of Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) microRNAs (miRNAs) in latency and reactivation. List of HCMV-encoded miRNAs are shown along with their roles in latency and reactivation, or other roles not yet tested in cells that support latent infection.

miRNA	Role in Latency/Reactivation	Other Roles
miR-US4-5p	Unknown
miR-US4-3p	Unknown	Targets CASP7, may affect apoptosis signaling [74]
miR-US5-1	Inhibits apoptosis during latency establishment via FOXO3a downregulation [77]	Targets HCMV US7 [68]
		Inhibits production of IL-6 and RANTES through IKKα and IKKβ targeting [100]
		Restructures the endocytic recycling compartment to limit cytokine secretion [102]
		Targets FADD, may affect apoptosis signaling [74]
miR-US5-2	Promotes TGFβ secretion by targeting the transcriptional repressor NAB1, mediates myelosuppression [16]	Targets HCMV US7 [68]
		Targets GAB1 to indirectly regulation EGR-1 and HCMV UL138 expression [99]
		Restructures the endocytic recycling compartment to limit cytokine secretion [102]
		Targets FAS, may affect apoptosis signaling [74]
miR-UL22A-5p	Targets SMAD3 to limit TGFβ signaling and maintain viral genomes during latency [16]
miR-UL22A-3p	Targets SMAD3 to limit TGFβ signaling and maintain viral genomes during latency [16]	Targets CASP7, may affect apoptosis signaling [74]
miR-US22	Disrupts EGFR-UL138 signaling loop by targeting EGR-1 to induce viral reactivation [14]
	Inhibits CD34+ HPC proliferation by targeting EGR-1 [15]
miR-US25-1	Targets RhoA to limit proliferation and maintain viral genomes during latency [88]
miR-US25-2-5p	Unknown
miR-US25-2-3p	Unknown	Targets CASP3, may affect apoptosis signaling [74]
miR-US29	Unknown
miR-US33	Unknown
miR-UL36	Unknown	Targets HCMV UL138 [69]
miR-UL36-5p	Unknown	Targets SCL25A6/ANT3, inhibits apoptosis [75]
miR-UL36-3p	Unknown	Targets FAS, may affect apoptosis signaling [74]
miR-UL112-3p	Inhibits apoptosis during latency establishment via FOXO3a downregulation [77]	Inhibits production of IL-6 and RANTES through IKKα and IKKβ targeting [100]
	Targets HCMV IE72 to limit IE gene expression and CTL recognition [67]	Targets HCMV UL112/113 and UL120/121 [65]
		Limits NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity through MICB targeting [103]
		Restructures the endocytic recycling compartment to limit cytokine secretion [102]
miR-UL148D	Promotes latency establishment by indirectly inhibiting IE gene expression via IER5 downregulation [51]	Targets RANTES [101]
	Targets ACVR1B to limit proinflammatory cytokine levels [50]	Targets IEX1, inhibits apoptosis [76]