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. 2021 Feb 12;13(4):769. doi: 10.3390/cancers13040769

Table 1.

Overview of biomarkers in PC and PCLs that have been validated in an independent cohort.

Biomarker Name Biomarker Type Single or Multi-Study Validated Platform Sample Type Sample Size (Total Number Patients) Sensitivity (95% Confidence Interval) Specificity (95% Confidence Interval) P-Value Purpose References
KRAS and/OR GNAS Genetic mutation panel Multi PCR Cyst fluid 91 65% 100% (83–100) N/A MCN vs. non-MCN [38]
(52–76) 98%
84% (86–100) N/A IPMN vs. non-IPMN
(70–92)
95.50%
PCR using NGS Cyst fluid 197 68.50% (N/A) N/A IPMN vs. non-IPMN [39]
(N/A)
100%
NGS Cyst fluid 595 89% (88–100) N/A MCN vs. non-MCN [40]
(79–95) 100%
Sanger sequencing Cyst fluid 159 65% (N/A) N/A MCN vs. non-MCN
(N/A)
lncRNA-TFG Long noncoding RNA Single Affymetrix human exon 1.0 ST Tissue 28 N/A N/A 6.23 × 10−8 Positive correlation with tumorigenesis in IPMNs [41]
CTD-2033D15.2 Long non-coding RNA Single Affymetrix human exon 1.0 ST Tissue 28 N/A N/A 1.47 × 10−4 Negative correlation with tumorigenesis in IPMNs [41]
HAND2-AS1 Long non-coding RNA Single Affymetrix human exon 1.0 ST Tissue 28 N/A N/A 2.66 × 10−3 Negative correlation with tumorigenesis in IPMNs [41]
Glucose Metabolite Multi Liquid chromatography Cyst fluid 19 94% 64% 0.004 Glucose ≤ 66 mg/dL in MCNs vs. non-MCNs [42]
(N/A) (N/A)
Glucometer Glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL in MCNs vs. non-MCNs
Cyst fluid 153 92% 87% N/A [43]
(N/A) (N/A)
Kynurenine Metabolite Single Liquid chromatography Cyst fluid 19 90% 100% 0.002 Lower in MCNs vs. non-MCNs [42]
(N/A) (N/A)
AcSperm and Metabolite panel Single Mass spectrometry Blood plasma 121 66.70% 95% N/A PDAC vs. N [44]
DAS and (N/A) (N/A)
LPC(18: 0) and LPC(20: 3) and indole derivative
ADAMTS1 Methylated gene Single Methylation on beads Blood cfDNA 39 87.20% 95.80% N/A PDAC vs. N [45]
(N/A) (N/A)
BNC1 Methylated gene Single Methylation on beads Blood cfDNA 39 64.10% 93.70% N/A PDAC vs. N [45]
(N/A) (N/A)
SOX17 Methylated gene Single Methylation-specific ddPCR Cyst fluid 154 78.40% 85.60% N/A High-risk PCL vs. low-risk PCLs [46]
(64.7–88.7) (78.4–91.1)
TBX15 and BMP3 Methylated gene marker panel Single Whole-genome methylome discovery and qPCR Cyst fluid 134 90% 92% N/A HGD/PC vs. LGD/N [47]
(70–99) (85–96)
ADAMTS1 and/OR BNC1 Methylated gene panel Single Methylation on beads Blood cfDNA 39 97.40% 91.60% N/A PDAC vs. N [45]
(N/A) (N/A)
FOXE1 and SLIT2 and Methylated gene panel Single Methylation-specific ddPCR Cyst fluid 154 84.30% 89.40% N/A High-risk PCL vs. low-risk PCLs [46]
EYA4 and SFRP1 (N/A) (N/A)
miR-1290 MicroRNA Multi MicroRNA array analysis Blood serum 60 88% 84% N/A PC vs. N [48]
(N/A) (N/A)
76 83% 69% N/A PC vs. CP
(N/A) (N/A)
95 83% 78% N/A PC vs. CP and N
(N/A) (N/A)
qRT-PCR Blood plasma
49 N/A N/A 0.027 PDAC vs. N [49]
Blood serum
qRT-PCR
200 74.20% 91.20% N/A PC vs. C [50]
(N/A) (N/A)
9-miRNA model a MicroRNA panel Single TaqMan miRNA Array Tissue and 33 and 50 89% 100% N/A HG IPMNs, PanNETs and SPNs vs. LG IPMNs and SCAs [51]
cyst fluid (N/A) (N/A)
miR-3679-5p and miR-940 MicroRNA panel Single qPCR Saliva 80 72.50% 70.00% N/A PC vs. N [52]
(N/A) (N/A)
60 62.50% 80.00% N/A PC vs. BPT
(N/A) (N/A)
100 70.00% 70.00% N/A PC vs. N and BPT
(N/A) (N/A)
CA19-9 Protein- Multi Bead-based xMAP immunoassay Blood serum 267 57.20% 90% N/A PDAC vs. N [53]
associated (N/A) (N/A)
ELISA
Blood plasma
176 77.50% 83.10% N/A CA19-9 >20.3 U/mL [54]
Retrospective clinical data Blood serum (N/A) (N/A) PDAC vs. C
41 90% 83.33% N/A 2.45 times elevated CA19-9 indicated recurrence of PC [55]
(N/A) (N/A)
CEA Protein Multi Clinical data Cyst fluid 31 73% 89% N/A CEA > 192 ;ng/mL for MCN [42]
(N/A) (N/A)
ELISA Cyst fluid 149 95.50% 81.50% <0.0001 CEA ≤ 10 ng/mL for SCN [56]
(N/A) (N/A)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Cyst fluid 153 58% 96% N/A CEA > 192 ng/mL for MC [43]
(N/A) (N/A)
MUC5AC:WGA and MUC5AC:BGH and Endorepellin:WGA Protein Multi Antibody-lectin sandwich microarray Cyst fluid 147 92% b 94% b N/A Elevation in any two differentiates MCNs vs. non-MCNs [57]
panel (N/A) (N/A)
Antibody-lectin sandwich arrays Elevation in any two differentiates MCNs vs. non-MCNs
Cyst fluid 22 87% 100% N/A [58]
(N/A) (N/A)
Thymosin- β4 Protein Single MALDI imaging and mass spectrometry Tissue 45 70% 71% 0.011 Overexpressed in IPMN with HGD [59]
(N/A) (N/A)
Ubiquitin Protein Single MALDI imaging and mass spectrometry Tissue 45 94% 86% 0.04 Overexpressed in IPMN with HGD [59]
(N/A) (N/A)
VEGF-A Protein Single ELISA Cyst fluid 149 100% 83.70% <0.0001 VEGF-A > 5000 pg/mL benign SCN [56]
(N/A) (N/A)
VEGF-A and CEA Protein panel Single ELISA Cyst fluid 149 95.50% 100% N/A VEGF-A > 5000 pg/mL and CEA ≤ 10 ng/mL in benign SCN [56]
(N/A) (N/A)

BPT = benign pancreatic tumour, C = non-cancer control, CP = chronic pancreatitis, ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HG = high grade, HGD = high-grade dysplasia, IPMN = intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, LG = low grade, LGD = low-grade dysplasia, MALDI = matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation, MC = mucinous cyst, MCN = mucinous cystic neoplasm, N = normal healthy, N/A = not available, NGS = next-generation sequencing, PanNET = pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour, PC = pancreatic cancer, PCL = pancreatic cystic lesion, PCR = polymerase chain reaction, PDAC = pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, SCN = serous cystic neoplasm, and SPN = solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm. a Model is intellectual property of the authors. b Average of three cohorts.