Table 1.
Examples of 4D-printed resorbable materials in tissue engineering.
| Stimulus | Material Composition | Fabrication Method | Cells | Tissue Engineering Application | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical | Electric field | Pluronic F127/AT-PEI | Microextrusion | No cells were tested | Muscle and cardiac and nerve tissue | [255] |
| Magnetic field | Fe3O4/BP/PLA | Inkjet | No cells were tested | Cardiovascular implant | [256] | |
| Magnetic field | Fe3O4/MBG/PCL | Microextrusion | hBMSCs (biocompatibility) |
Bone regeneration | [257] | |
| Magnetic field | PCL/FeHA 80/20 | Microextrusion | hMSCs (seeded after printing, before stimulus) |
Bone regeneration | [258] | |
| Magnetic field | Cell-laden Collagen/Agarose/iron |
Inkjet | hKAC (bioprinting) |
Cartilage regeneration | [259] | |
| NIR light (808 nm) | Cell-laden alginate/GelMA: alginate/PDA | Microextrusion | 293T (bioprinting) |
Vascularized scaffolds | [260] | |
| Temperature | HBC-MA | SLA | No cells were tested | Vascularized scaffolds | [261] | |
| Temperature | Cell-laden GelMA/Agarose |
Microextrusion | MC3T3 (bioprinting) |
Vascularized scaffolds | [48] | |
| Temperature | Cell-laden HA-MA:GE-MA | Microextrusion | HepG2/C3A (Bioprinting) |
Vascularized scaffolds | [262] | |
| Temperature | Collagen/gelatin | Inkjet | Fibroblast (seeded after stimulus) |
Vascularized scaffolds | [263] | |
| Temperature | Cell-laden GelMa/Pluronic F127 |
Inkjet | C3H/10T1/2 (bioprinting) |
Vascularized scaffolds | [264] | |
| Temperature | SOEA | SLA | hMSCs (biocompatibility) |
Biomedical scaffolds | [265] | |
| Temperature | Castor oil-based polymers | Microextrusion | hMSCs (biocompatibility) |
Biomedical scaffolds | [266] | |
| Temperature | PLA-b-PEG-b-PLA/ NIPAAm |
SLS | RCm and H9C2(2–1) (seeded after printing, before stimulus) |
Heart Failure treatment | [147] | |
| Temperature | Methacrylated PCL | SLA | No cells were tested | Tracheal stent | [267] | |
| Temperature | PU/collagen type I | Inkjet | hMSCs (seeded after printing, before the stimulus) |
Biomedical scaffolds | [268] | |
| Physicochemical | Osmolarity | Cell-laden Sil-MA | SLS | TBSCs and Chondrocytes (Bioprinting) |
Trachea tissue | [269] |
| Humidity | Gel-COOH-MA/GelMA | Inkjet | HUVECs (seeded after printing, before the stimulus) |
Biomedical Scaffolds | [270] | |
| Biological | Angiogenic Growth Factors |
Ad-HA or CD-HA | Inkjet | HUVECs (seeded after printing, before stimulus) |
Vascularized tissues | [271] |
| Enzymatic | PEG/thrombin/alkaline phosphatase | SLS | NIH-3T3 (seeded within stimulus) |
Biomedical Scaffolds | [272] | |
| Multiple | UV light and temperature | SOEA | SLS-SLA-tandem | hMSCs (after stimulus) |
Cardiac Regeneration | [273] |
| Light (470 nm) and electrical field |
PEGDA700 + Irgacure 2959 photoinitiator | SLA | C2C12 (seeded after printing, before stimuli) |
Engineering Biological machines (bio-bots) | [274] | |
Ad-HA: Hyaluronic acid macromer; AT-PEI: Aniline tetramer-grafted-polyethylenimine; BP: Benzophenone; CD-HA: Hyaluronic acid macromer; FeHA: Iron with hydroxyapatite; GelMA: Gelatin methacryloyl; Gel-COOH-MA: Gelatin methacryloyl with amine groups converted into carboxyl groups; HA-MA:GE-MA: Methacrylated hyaluronic acid with gelatin ethanolamide methacrylate; MBG: Mesoporous bioactive glass; NIPAAm: N-isopropyacrylamide; PCL: Polycaprolactone; PDA: Polydopamine; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; PEGDA700: Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate 700; PLA: Polylactic acid; PU: Polyurethane; Sil-MA: Synthesized from silk fibroin (SF) and glycidyl methacrylate solution (GMA); SOEA: Soybean oil epoxidized acrylate. 293T: human cell line, derived from the HEK 293; C2C12: immortalized mouse myoblast cell line; C3H/10T1/2: Mouse embryo cell line; H9C2(2–1): Rat BDIX heart myoblast; hBMSCs: Human bone marrow stem cells; hKAC: Human knee articular cells; HepG2/C3A: Human liver cancer cell line; hMSCs: Human mesenchymal stem cells; HUVECs: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; NIH-3T3: NIH Swiss mouse embryo cells; RCm: Rat Cardiomyocytes; TBSCs: Trophoblast stem cells.