Table 1.
A summary of methodology and sampling used in biomarker studies for pancreatic cancer.
| “Omic” Level Description | Sample Origin | Altered Molecule/Microorganism | Expression Pattern | Detection Method * | Reference Study | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genomics | Mutation | Pancreatic tissue | CDKN2A, CDKN2B, TP53, SMAD4, KRAS | - | WES/WGS | [28] |
| Transcriptomics | Coding RNAs | T cell | EGLN3, PLAU | Downregulated | scRNA-seq | [72] |
| T cell | MMP9 | Dysregulated | scRNA-seq | [72] | ||
| Mouse pancreatic tissue | ONECUT2, FOXQ1, MARCKSL1, MMP7, IGFBP7 | Upregulated | scRNA-seq | [164] | ||
| Tumor tissue | hsa_circ_100782 | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [71] | ||
| circRNAs | Tumor tissue/plasma/cell lines | hsa_circ_0006988 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [165] | |
| Tumor tissue/cell lines | hsa_circ_0099999 (circZMYM2) | Upregulated | circRNA overexpression | [166] | ||
| Tumor tissue | hsa_circ_0006215 | Upregulated | circRNA overexpression | [167] | ||
| Tumor tissue, plasma exosome | circ-IARS | Upregulated | circRNA overexpression | [168] | ||
| Tumor tissue | circ-PDE8A | Upregulated | circRNA overexpression | [169] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell | hsa_circ_0001649 | Downregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [170] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell | hsa_circ_0005397 (circ-RHOT1) | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [171] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell lines | hsa_circ_0030235 | Upregulated | circRNA overexpression | [172] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell lines | hsa_circ_0007534 | Upregulated | circRNA overexpression | [173] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell lines | ciRS-7 (Cdr1as) | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [174] | ||
| Tumor tissue | hsa_circ_0007334 | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [175] | ||
| Tumor tissue | circLDLRAD3 | Upregulated | circRNA knockdown | [176] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell | circASH2L | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [177] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell lines | circADAM9 | Upregulated | circRNA knockdown | [178] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell | hsa_circ_001653 | Upregulated | circRNA knockdown | [179] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell | circHIPK3 | Upregulated | circRNA knockdown | [180] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell | circFOXK2 | Upregulated | circRNA knockdown | [181] | ||
| Tumor tissue | hsa_circ_0009065 (circBFAR) | Upregulated | circRNA overexpression | [70] | ||
| Tumor tissue | hsa_circ_0086375 (circNFIB1) | Downregulated | circRNA knockdown | [182] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell | hsa_circ_0013912 | Upregulated | circRNA overexpression | [183] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell lines | hsa_circ_001587 | Downregulated | circRNA knockdown | [184] | ||
| Tumor tissue | hsa_circ_0001946, hsa_circ_0005397 | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [67] | ||
| Tumor tissue | hsa_circ_0005785, hsa_circ_0006913, hsa_circ_0000257, hsa_circ_0041150, hsa_circ_0008719 | Downregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [67] | ||
| Plasma | miR-21 | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [49] | ||
| Pancreatic juice | miR-155 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [49] | ||
| miRNAs | Tumor tissue/cell lines | miR-196a | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [185] | |
| Tumor tissue | miR-210 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [186] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell line/serum | miR-1290 | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [50] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell lines | miR-200a/miR-200b | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [51] | ||
| Tumor tissue/plasma/serum | miR-18a | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [55] | ||
| Tumor tissue | miR-192 | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [187] | ||
| Blood | miR-22-3p/miR-642b/miR-885-5p | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [188] | ||
| Tumor tissue | miR-23a/miR-31/miR-100/miR-143/miR-221 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [43] | ||
| Tumor tissue | miR-148a/miR-375/miR-217 | Downregulated | qRT-PCR | [43] | ||
| Plasma | miR-16 and miR-16 and miR-196a and CA 19-9 combination | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [56] | ||
| Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells | miR-27a-3p with CA 19-9 | Upregulated | RNA-seq/qRT-PCR | [57] | ||
| Tumor tissue/cell lines | miR-221/miR-222 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [185] | ||
| Tumor tissue/plasma | miR-744 | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [62] | ||
| Tumor tissue | miR-218 | Downregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [189] | ||
| Tumor tissue | miR-494 | Downregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [46] | ||
| Tumor tissue | HOTAIR | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [35] | ||
| Tumor tissue | PVT1 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [190] | ||
| Other ncRNAs | Tumor tissue | MALAT-1 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [191] | |
| Tumor tissue | Gas5 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [192] | ||
| Tumor tissue | MEG3 | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [193] | ||
| Tumor tissue | HULC | Upregulated | qRT-PCR | [194] | ||
| Tumor tissue | BC008363 | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [195] | ||
| Tumor tissue | HSATII | Upregulated | RNA-seq | [196] | ||
| Serum/plasma | U2snRNA | Upregulated | Microarray/qRT-PCR | [197] | ||
| Pancreatic juice and cell line | REG1B/SYCN | Upregulated | ELISA | [84] | ||
| Serum | C4BPA | Upregulated | TMT labeling | [92] | ||
| Proteomics | Proteins | Plasma | IGFBP2/IGFBP3 | Upregulated | Antibody-based and LC-MS/MS-based | [93] |
| Serum | DTNBP1 | Upregulated | MS | [94] | ||
| Plasma | ctDNA with CA19-9, CEA, HGF, and osteopontin | Upregulated | Luminex bead-based immunoassays | [95] | ||
| Plasma | Combination of CA19-9, TFPI, and TNC- FNIII-B | Upregulated | ELISA | [96] | ||
| Plasma | Combination of TIMP1, LRG1, and CA19-9 | Upregulated | ELISA | [97] | ||
| Plasma | THBS-2 and CA19-9 | Upregulated | ELISA | [98] | ||
| Serum | Survivin | Upregulated | ELISA | [99] | ||
| Pancreatic ductal fluid | Mucins and S100A8 or S100A9 | Upregulated | MS | [100] | ||
| Tumor tissue | FLT3, PCBP3 | Upregulated | HDMS | [101] | ||
| Tumor tissue | Combination of hENT1 and lactic acid | GC/TOF-MS | [116] | |||
| Tumor tissue | Glucose, ascorbate, ethanolamine, and taurine | Upregulated | HRMAS-NMR | [117] | ||
| Tumor tissue | Choline, ethanolamine, glycerophosphocholine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, aspartate, threonine, succinate, glycerol, lactate, glycine, glutamate, glutamine, and creatine | Downregulated | HRMAS-NMR | [117] | ||
| Metabolomics | Metabolites | Rat tumor tissue | Kynurenate and methionine | Downregulated | NMR | [116] |
| Tumor tissue | N-glycosylation of MUC5AC, CEACAM5, IGFBP3, and LGALS3BP | Upregulated | HPLC, MS | [133] | ||
| Serum | α-linked mannose and glycan involved the Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen, fucose, and Lewis antigens affected MUC1 and MUC5AC | Upregulated | Microarray, WB | [130] | ||
| Serum | Asn-88 N-glycosylation and differential RNase-1 expression | Upregulated | ELISA, WB | [131] | ||
| Glycomics | Glycan alterations | Serum | α1-3 fucosylation in α-1-acid glycoprotein | Upregulated | ELLA, HILIC-MS, CZE | [134] |
| Serum | CA19-9 | Downregulated | Immunoassay | [139] | ||
| Tumor biopsy | CD44 antigen (CD44) | Upregulated | WB | [138] | ||
| Plasma | Glypican-1 (GPC1) | Upregulated | Flow cytometry | [137] | ||
| Glycoproteins | Serum | Mucin-5AC, MUC1, and MUC16 | Upregulated | Antibody-lectin sandwich array | [130] | |
| Metagenomics | Microbiota | Oral microbiota | Porphyromonas gingivali, Fusobacterium, Neisseria elongata, and Streptococcus mitis | High amount | plasma antibody analysis, 16S rRNA sequencing | [145] |
| Murine fecal microbiota | Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia | High amount | qPCR, FISH, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [143] | ||
| Murine gut microbiota | Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes | High amount | qPCR, FISH, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [143] | ||
* CZE: capillary zone electrophoresis, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELLA: Enzyme-linked lectin assay, FISH: fluorescence in situ hybridization, GC: gas chromatography, HILIC: Hydrophilic interaction chromatography, HRMAS: high-resolution magic angle spinning, LC: liquid chromatography, MS: mass spectrometry, NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance, qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, TOF: time of flight, WB: Western blot, WES: Whole exome sequencing, WGS: whole genome sequencing.