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. 2021 Feb 13;13(2):613. doi: 10.3390/nu13020613

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of Gut microbiota in regulating the incretin secretion and their anorectic effects in peripheral organs. Gut microbiotas release chemical mediators, including SCFA which, together with bile acids, stimulate enterochromaffin cells to secrete GLP-1, CCK, and PYY. GLP-1, CCK and PYY induce an anorectic effect, gastric empty inhibition, glucose dependent insulin secretion, beta cells survival/proliferation, and alfa cells inhibition of glucagon secretion. Abbreviations: SCFA, short chain fatty acid; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; CCK, cholecystokinin; PYY, peptide YY; EEC, enterochromaffin cell; EC, enteric cell; GPR 41, G protein-coupled receptor 41; GPR 43, G protein-coupled receptor 43; FXR, farnesoid x receptor; TGR5, G-protein bile acid receptor.