Table 1.
Summary of the vaccine and vaccine candidates against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) discussed in the current work.
| Vaccine and Vaccine Candidates | Type of Vaccine | Essentials Characteristics | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| LOM vaccine | Live attenuated vaccine | Potential reversion to a virulent strain. | [39,40,41] |
| C-strain | Live attenuated vaccine | Safe and effective against the disease. Protective immune response against all CSFV genotypes. Early protection in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. |
[24,36,153,154] |
| GPE-strain | Live attenuated vaccine | Safe in pregnant sows, newborns, and adult pigs. Early protective immunity. Potential reversion to a virulent strain. |
[63,65,66] |
| Thiverval strain | Live attenuated vaccine | Safe and genetically stable. Prevent vertical transmission. |
[62] |
| PAV-250 | Live attenuated vaccine | Safe in pregnant sows and genetic stable. Elicit a strong immunogenic response. Protect against different virulent strains of CSFV. |
[63,64,65] |
| INFα-E2-CSFV | Subunit vaccine |
Recombinant human alpha interferon has an immune-stimulatory effect. Clinical protection 7 days after single vaccination. Double vaccination with a 3-week interval/challenge six weeks after booster vaccination with highly virulent CSFV. Duration of immunity is of at least 9 months after double vaccination. |
[117,120,155,156] |
| KNB-E2 | Subunit vaccine |
Sterilizing protection after a single vaccination dose. Protection against CSFV strain two weeks after double vaccination with 3-week interval. Protection against challenge is 32 weeks after double vaccination. |
[83,94] |
| TWJ-E2® | Subunit vaccine |
Full protection against a challenge using the CSFV highly virulent strain after two doses. | [81,84] |
| E2-CD154 | Subunit vaccine |
CD154 as a molecular adjuvant enhancing the immune response. Full protection against the challenge of virulent strains of CSFV as earlier as 7 dpv after a single vaccine dose and in the absence of protective neutralizing antibodies. Prevent against the vertical transmission of the very virulent CSFV strain in pregnant sows. Stable for at least 24 months at room temperature. |
[105,106,113] |
| Suvaxyn® CSF Marker | Live marker vaccine (chimeric) |
Clinical and virological protection after the challenge against virulent and moderate CSFV strain. Complete protections after a week of applying a single intramuscular dose, and the immune protection for at least 6 months. Genetically stable. Prevent against the vertical transmission of the moderate virulent CSFV strain in pregnant sows. |
[125,128,129,131,140] |
| vRiemsABC-Gif | Live marker vaccine (chimeric) |
Protection against a virulent CSFV challenge after intramuscular vaccination, partial protection after oral immunization. | [133] |
| CP7_E2gif | Live marker vaccine (chimeric) |
Induced partial protection with no transmission after challenge with CSFV virulent strain 28 days post vaccination. Safety and marker properties |
[127,134] |
| Flc-LOM-BErns | Live marker vaccine (chimeric) |
Provide complete protection in pregnant sows. | [128,135] |
| FlagT4Gv | Live marker vaccine (two antigenic markers) |
Full protection in swine since day 2 or 3 dpv depending on the route of administration (intramuscularly or intranasally, respectively). Provide sterile immunity against challenge with the virulent parental virus beginning at 3 dpv, as well as increased levels of IFN-α in vaccinated animals |
[115,148,149] |
| “Ra,” “Pro,” and “RaPro” | Live marker vaccine (chimeric) |
Vaccine candidates conferred complete protection against clinical signs of CSF at 28 dpv. | |
| rHCLV-E2P122A | Live marker vaccine |
Marker properties | [137] |
| VRP A187delE(rns) | Replicon vaccine |
Protection at 23 days post vaccination against challenge with a single intradermal inoculation elicited anti-E2 neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses determined by an increase in IFN-γ producing cells. | [148] |
| rAdV-SFV-E2 | Replicon vaccine |
Elicit strong cellular and humoral responses in pigs. Providing sterile immunity and complete protection against lethal challenge using virulent CSFV strain 7 weeks after double vaccination. Protection through maternally derived antibodies. Enhancement through Salmonella ghost adjuvant. |
[149,150,151,152] |