Table 3.

UroA in kidney disease.

Category	Test model	Disease Type/Treatment	Dose (UroA)	Metabolic Response	Ref.
Kidney	Sprague-Dawley rats	Cisplatin	50 mg/kg BW orally	↓ plasma creatinine levels ↑ protection against epithelial necrosis ↓ TIM-1, NFκB expression, Iba1, TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-2 ↑ IL-10 and NOS-3 ↓ tubular cell apoptosis (number of TUNEL positive cells)	[72]
Kidney	C57Bl/6 mice	Cisplatin	100 mg/kg BW intraperitoneal injection	↓ NGAL, BUN, Creatinine, Urinary KIM-1 ↓ tubular damage score ↓ TNFα, IL-23, IL-18, MIP2 ↓ CD11b positive cells in kidney ↓ HNE Protein Adducts Protein Nitration, Caspase 3 activity, DNA fragmentation ↑ GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio, ↑GSSG ↓ NOX2 ↑ Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and SOD activity	[73]
Kidney	C57BL/6 mice	Ischemia reperfusion injury	50 mg/kg BW (not specified)	↓ BUN, NGAL, Creatinine, KIM-1 ↓ TNFα, IL-1β, MIP-1α, MIP2	[74]

UroA administration is specified for rodent and human studies; for cell studies, dose is in indicated in μM. BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin;