Table 1.
Definition and prevalence of sarcopenic obesity (Sa-O) among studies.
| Author (Country and Year) |
Diagnostic Method (Skeletal Muscle) |
Diagnostic Method (Fat Mass) |
Definition (Sarcopenia) |
Definition (Obesity) |
Cutoff Point for Sarcopenia | Cutoff Point for Obesity | Prevalence of Sa-O (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vidot H., et al. (Australia, 2019) [29] |
CT (PMI, L3)‘ |
BMI | PMM/height2 (mm2/m2) |
kg/m2 | M: <545 F: <385 |
M: ≥30 F: ≥30 |
28% |
| Kroh, et al. (Germany, 2019) [27] |
CT (L3 level) |
Body fat percentage | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) |
% | M: <43 (BMI < 25) or <53 (BMI >25), F: <41 | Top two quintiles | 23% |
| Kobayashi, et al. (Japan, 2019) [22] |
CT (L3 level) |
CT (Umbilicus level) |
SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) |
cm2 | M: <40.31 F: <30.88 |
M: ≥100 F: ≥100 |
7% |
| Kamo, et al. (Japan, 2019) [26] |
CT (L3 level) |
VFA or BMI | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) |
cm2 or kg/m2 | M: <40.31 F: <30.88 |
VFA ≥ 100 or BMI ≥ 25 | VFA: 3% BMI: 2% |
| Bering, et al. (Brazil, 2018) [28] |
DXA and GS | Body fat percentage | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) and kg |
% | M: <7.46 and 30 (GS) F: <5.45 and 20 (GS) |
M: ≥27 F: ≥37 |
14% |
| Hammad, et al. (Japan, 2017) [25] |
CT (PMI, L3) |
BMI | PMM/height2 (cm2/m2) |
kg/m2 | M: <6.36 F: <3.92 |
M: ≥25 F: ≥25 |
5% |
| Carias, et al. (USA, 2016) [23] |
CT (L3-L4 level) |
BMI | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) |
kg/m2 | M: <52.4 F: <38.5 |
M: ≥30 F: ≥30 |
42% |
| Hara, et al. (Japan, 2016) [24] |
BIA (ULM) |
CT (Umbilicus level) |
ULM/height2 (cm2/m2) |
cm2 | M: <1.7 F: <1.2 |
M: ≥100 F: ≥100 |
9% |
| Montano-Loza, et al. (Canada, 2016) [20] |
CT (L3 level) |
BMI MA at the L3 level |
SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) |
kg/m2 MA |
M: <43 (BMI < 25) or <53 (BMI > 25), F: <41 | M and F: BMI ≥ 25 or MA < 33 HU | 20% |
| Kaibori, et al. (Japan, 2015) [21] |
CT (L3 level) |
CT (multifidus muscle at the umbilicus level) | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) |
IMAC | M: <44 F: <38 |
M: −0.44 F: −0.31 |
NA |
CT; computed tomography, BMI; body mass index, PMI; psoas muscle index, PMM; psoas muscle mass, M; male, F; female, SMM; skeletal muscle mass, VFA; visceral fat area, DXA; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, GS; grip strength, BIA; bioelectrical impedance analysis, ULM; upper limb mass, MA; muscle attenuation. IMAC; intramuscular adipose content, HU; Hounsfield Unit, NA; not assessed.