Table 5.
Summary of the vaccine efficacy from the eligible trials based on the prevalence of colonized broilers at the end of study.
| Trial No | Vaccine Formulations, Antigens, and Regimens | Age of Chickens at the End of Study (Days) | Reductions of C. jejuni (log10) Colonization in Cecal Contents after Challenge 1 | % Colonized Broilers in the Vaccinated Group (Proportion) | % Colonized Broilers in the Control Group (Proportion) | Relative Risk 6 (95% CI) | Efficacy (%) 7 against Colonization | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant (Yes/No) | Reduction Levels (Mean log10 CFU/gram 2) Reported | ||||||||
| 1 | Crude cell lysate vaccine with 125 µg of total outer membrane proteins (OMP) encapsulated with ploy lactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles (OMP-NP), orally with booster | 42 | No | 0.4 log 10 reduction 3 | 87.5 (7/8) | 57.1 (4/7) | 1.53 (0.76 and 3.06) | No effect | [47] |
| 2 | 125 µg of crude cell lysate vaccine with OMP, orally with booster | 42 | No | 0.8 log10 reduction 3,4 | 62.5 (5/8) | 57.1 (4/7) 4 | 1.09 (0.47 and 2.52) | No effect | [47] |
| 3 | 125 µg of crude cell lysate vaccine with OMPs-NP, subcutaneously with booster | 42 | Yes | 5.7 log 10 reductions 3 | 0.0 (0/8) | 57.1 (4/7) | 0.10 (0.01 and 1.56) | 90 | [47] |
| 4 | 125 µg of crude cell lysate vaccine with OMP, orally with booster | 42 | Yes | 5.7 log 10 reductions3,4 | 0.0 (0/8) | 57.1 (4/7) 4 | 0.10 (0.01 and 1.56) | 90 | [47] |
| 5 | 25 µg of crude cell lysate vaccine with OMP-NP, subcutaneously with booster | 42 | No | 1.2 log 10 reductions 3 | 62.5 (5/8) | 57.1 (4/7) | 1.09 (0.47 and 2.52) | No effect | [47] |
| 6 | 250 µg of crude cell lysate vaccine with OMP-NP, orally with booster | 42 | No | 0.9 log 10 reductions 3 | 37.5 (3/8) | 57.1 (4/7) | 0.66 (0.22 and 1.97) | 34 | [47] |
| 7 | 25 µg of crude cell lysate vaccine with OMP, orally with booster | 42 | No | 1.6 log 10 reductions3,4 | 66.7 (NI) | 57.1 (4/7) 4 | Unable to calculate | Unable to calculate | [47] |
| 8 | 250 µg of crude cell lysate vaccine with OMP, orally with booster | 42 | No | 1.0 log 10 reduction 3,4 | 50.0 (4/8) | 57.1 (4/7) 4 | 0.88 (0.34 and 2.25) | 13 | [47] |
| 9 | 109 CFU of L. lactis NZ9000 strain vectored vaccine expressing C. jejuni surface-exposed lipoprotein A (JlpA), intragastrically with booster | 35 | Yes Yes Yes |
0.79 log10 reduction in Trial#1 0.47 log10 reduction in Trial#2 0.482 log10 reduction in Trial#3 |
100.0 (15/15) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [48] |
| 10 | Subunit vaccine with 50 µg of recombinant JlpA emulsified in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, subcutaneously with booster | 35 | NoYesYes | 0.11 log10 in Trial#1 0.69 log10 in Trial#2 0.49 log10 in Trial#3 |
100.0 (15/15) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [48] |
| 14 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of Campylobacter hemolysin activation/secretion protein (YP_001000437.1) cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant YP_001000437.1 protein emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | Yes | 3.61 log10 reduction upon heterologous challenge | 87.5 (14/16) | 100.0 (15/15) | 0.88 (0.73 and 1.05) | 13 | [50] |
| 15 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of YP_001000437.1 cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant YP_001000437.1 protein emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | 1.92 log10 GenEq/g reductions upon heterologous challenge | 80.0 (12/15) | 93.8 (15/16) | 0.85 (0.64 and 1.13) | 15 | [50] |
| 16 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of flagellin protein family (FlgL) cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant FlgL emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | Yes | 2.03 log10 reductions upon heterologous challenge | 100.0 (15/15) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [50] |
| 17 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of FlgL cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant FlgL emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | 1.06 log10 GenEq/g reductions upon heterologous challenge | 75.0 (12/16) | 93.8 (15/16) | 0.80 (0.59 and 1.09) | 20 | [50] |
| 18 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of hypothetical protein (YP99838.1) cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant YP99838.1 emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | Yes | 2.08 log10 reductions upon heterologous challenge | 100.0 (14/14) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [50] |
| 19 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of YP99838.1 cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of YP99838.1 emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | No reduction upon heterologous challenge | 100.0 (14/14) | 93.8 (15/16) | 1.07 (0.94 and 1.21) | No effect | [50] |
| 20 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of hypothetical protein (YP99817.1) cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant YP99817.1 emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | Yes | 4.27 log10 reductions upon heterologous challenge | 92.3 (12/13) | 100.0 (15/15) | 0.92 (0.79 and 1.08) | 8 | [50] |
| 21 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of YP99817.1 cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant YP99817.1 emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | No reduction upon heterologous challenge | 93.8 (15/16) | 93.8 (15/16) | 1.00 (0.84 and 1.20) | No effect | [50] |
| 22 | DNA vaccine with 300 µg of purified DNA of YP99817.1 cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | No reduction upon heterologous challenge | 100.0 (15/15) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [50] |
| 23 | Subunit vaccine with 100 µg of recombinant YP99817.1 emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | No reduction upon heterologous challenge | 100.0 (15/15) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [50] |
| 24 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of flagellar hook-basal body complex protein (FlgE-1) cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant FlgE-1 emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | 2.20 log10 reductions a wide range of individual colonized broilers was presented in Figure 2A of the original paper upon heterologous challenge | 91.7 (11/12) | 100.0 (15/15) | 0.92 (0.77 and 1.09) | 8 | [50] |
| 25 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of purified DNA of flagellar hook-associated protein (FlgK) cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant FlgK emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | 1.72 log10 reductions but a wide range of individual colonized broilers was presented in Figure 2A of the original paper upon heterologous challenge | 100.0 (14/14) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [50] |
| 26 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 300 µg of multiple DNA proteins (a combination of purified YP_001000437.1, FlgL, FlgK, FliE-1, YP99817.1, and YP99838.1) cloned into pcDNA3 plasmids mixed with 50 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant multiple proteins (YP_001000437.1, FlgL, FlgK, FliE-1, YP99817.1, and YP99838.1) emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | 0.12 log10 reduction (No decrease of C. jejuni colonization reported in the original paper) upon heterologous challenge | 100.0 (9/9) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [50] |
| 27 | DNA vaccine with 100 µg of purified DNA of flagellin A protein (FlaA) cloned into pcDNA3 plasmid mixed with 25 µg of CpG ODN2007, subcutaneously with booster | 42 | No | 0.1 geometric mean log10 reduction 3 | 100.0 (15/15) | 100.0 (15/15) | 1.15 (0.95 and 1.41) | No effect | [51] |
| 28 | DNA vaccine with 100 µg of purified DNA of FlaA cloned into pcDNA3 plasmid mixed with 25 µg of CpG ODN2007, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | 0.2 median log10 reductions3 | 75.0 (12/16) | 87.5 (14/16) | 0.86 (0.61 and 1.20) | 14 | [51] |
| 29 | DNA vaccine (prime) with 150 µg of purified DNA of FlaA into pcDNA3 plasmid mixed with 25 µg of CpG ODN2007 and subunit vaccine (boost) with 100 µg of recombinant FlaA emulsified with MONTANIDE™ ISA70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 42 | No | No reduction | 100.0 (16/16) | 87.5 (14/16) | 1.14 (0.95 and 1.38) | No effect | [51] |
| 30 | Subunit vaccine with 240 µg of recombinant Campylobacter adhesion protein to fibronectin (CadF) 8 mixed with MONTANIDE™ ISA 70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 27 | Not reported | 1.71 median log10 reductions 5 | 100.0 (11/11) | 100.0 (12/12) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [25] |
| 31 | Subunit vaccine with 240 µg recombinant FlaA 8 mixed with MONTANIDE™ ISA 70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 27 | Not reported | 3.35 median log10 reductions 5 | 91.7 (11/12) | 100.0 (12/12) | 0.92 (0.77 and 1.09) | 8 | [25] |
| 32 | Subunit vaccine with 240 µg recombinant fibronectin-like protein A (FlpA1) mixed with MONTANIDE™ ISA 70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 27 | Not reported | 3.11 median log10 reductions 5 | 90.0 (9/10) | 100.0 (12/12) | 0.90 (0.73 and 1.11) | 10 | [25] |
| 33 | Subunit vaccine with 240 µg recombinant a component of multidrug efflux pump (CmeC) 8 mixed with MONTANIDE™ ISA 70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 27 | Not reported | No effect of reduction due to the widest range in the level of colonization observed by the authors from the original paper (even 1.37 median log10 reduction calculated from the supplement table provided 5) | 100.0 (12/12) | 100.0 (12/12) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [25] |
| 34 | Subunit vaccine of 240 µg a fusion protein of recombinant CadF-FlaA-FlpA 9 mixed with MONTANIDE™ ISA 70 VG, intramuscularly with booster | 27 | Not reported | 3.16 median log10 reductions 5 | 77.8 (7/9) | 100.0 (12/12) | 0.78 (0.55 and 1.10) | 22 | [25] |
| 35 | 108 cells of E. coli wzy::kan strain vectored vaccine expressing C. jejuni protein glycosylation (N-glycan), orally with booster | 35 | Yes Yes |
3.30 median log10 reductions3 in Trial#1 upon heterologous challenge 2.00 median log10 reductions 3 in Trial#2 upon heterologous challenge |
60.0 (9/15) | 100.0 (15/15) | 0.60 (0.40 and 0.91) | 40 | [46] |
| 38 | Subunit vaccine with 40 µg of recombinant NHC flagellin mixed with 0.4 M urea, 10 mM Tris pH 9.0, 20% glycerol, 5 mM sucrose, in ovo | 25 | No | 0.5 log10 reduction 3 | 88.9 (8/9) | 90.0 (9/10) | 0.99 (0.72 and 1.35) | 1 | [53] |
| 39 | Subunit vaccine with 20 µg of recombinant NHC flagellin mixed with 0.4 M urea, 10 mM Tris pH 9.0, 20% glycerol, 5 mM sucrose, in ovo | 25 | No | No reduction | 90.0 (9/10) | 90.0 (9/10) | 1.00 (0.75 and 1.34) | No effect | [53] |
| 50 | Subunit vaccine with 50 µg of recombinant hemolysin co-regulated protein (rHcp) mixed with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, orally with booster | 35 | Yes | 0.5 log10 reduction | 100.0 (12/12) | 100.0 (12/12) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [54] |
| 51 | Subunit vaccine with 50 µg of rHcp entrapped in chitosan-Sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS-TPP NPs) (CS-TPP-rhcp), orally with booster | 35 | Yes | 1.0 log10 reduction | 100.0 (12/12) | 100.0 (12/12) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [54] |
| 52 | Cell lysate vaccine with 4.3 µg of C. jejuni cell lysates, orally | 37 | Yes Yes |
2.14 log10 reductions in Trial#1 1.92 log10 reductions in Trial#2 |
100.0 (20/20) | 100.0 (19/19) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [55] |
| 53 | Cell lysate vaccine with 21 µg of C. jejuni cell lysates, orally | 37 | No | 0.7 log reduction 3 | 100.0 (10/10) | 100.0 (9/9) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [55] |
| 54 | Cell lysate vaccine with 4.3 µg of C. jejuni cell lysates combined with 5 µg of E-CpG, orally | 37 | Yes No |
2.42 log10 reductions (compared with PBS as reported in the original paper) 1.42 log10 reductions 3 (compared with E-CpG alone) in this review as it was presented in the figure of the original paper |
100.0 (9/9) | 100.0 (10/10) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [55] |
| 55 | Subunit vaccine with 0.2 mg of recombinant DNA binding protein for biofilm formation (Dps) mixed with Freund’s complete adjuvant, subcutaneously with boosters | 44 | No | No reduction | 100.0 (13/13) | 100.0 (12/12) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [56] |
| 56 | Salmonella Typhimurium strain χ9088 vectored vaccine (OD600, 0.5 mL) expressing Dps, orally with boosters | 36 | Yes | 2.48 (geometric mean) log10 reductions | 100.0 (14/14) | 100.0 (10/10) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [56] |
| 57 | 2 × 1010 CFU of Lactobacillus lactis NZ3900 vectored vaccine expressing cysteine ABC transporter substrate-binding protein (CjaA) fused to heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) of E. coli (CjaA-LT-B), orally with boosters | 42 | No | No reduction | 100.0 (6/6) | 100.0 (6/6) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [57] |
| 58 | 2 × 1010 CFU of Lactobacillus lactis NZ3900 vectored vaccine expressing CjaA, orally with boosters | 42 | No | No reduction | 100.0 (6/6) | 100.0 (6/6) | 1.00 (1.00 and 1.00) | No effect | [57] |
| 59 | 108 cells of avirulent Salmonella Typhimurium χ3987 strain vectored vaccine (108 cells) expressing CjaA, orally with boosters | 40 | Yes | 6.0 log10 reductions (reported in the original paper) upon heterologous challenge | 0.0 (0/4) | 100.0 (3/3) | 0.11 (0.01 and 1.63) | 89 | [26] |
| 63 | Subunit vaccine with 1 mg of CjaA-LT-B mixed with sodium carbonate, orally with booster | 35 | No reported | Not reported | 27.6 (40/145) | 49.3 (70/142) | 0.56 (0.41 and 0.76) | 44 | [78] |
1 Homologous challenge using the C. jejuni vaccine strain was commonly used in the trials.; 2 The arithmetic mean was the most commonly reported (mean C. jejuni loads in ceca) but some trials reported the geometric mean log10 or median log10 that are provided in in this table.; 3 The value of mean log10 was estimated from the figures presented in the original papers.; 4 Broilers administered poly lactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles (NP) were the control group for the purposes of challenge as reported in the original paper.; 5 In these studies the non-vaccinated (broilers) groups (some injected with PBS) that were challenged, were considered the control groups in order to compare with the vaccinated groups.; 6 Relative risk was calculated in the current review based on the data provided in the original papers; 7 Efficacy estimate = (1 − RR) × 100 [39,41,42]; 8 Prime/boost vaccination regimen consisted of an antigen fused with Glutathione S-transferase tagged proteins (GST) prime followed by the antigen fused with polyhistidine tag proteins (HIS) in a booster vaccine.; 9 Prime/boost vaccination regimen consisted of a combination of 80 µg CadF-GST, 80 µg FlaA-GST, and 80 µg FlpA-GST proteins in a prime followed by a combination of 80 µg CadF-His, 80 µg FlaA-His, and 80 µg FlpA-His proteins in a booster vaccine.; CI, Confidence Interval; GenEq/g, Genome equivalents per gram; NI, Not identified as the percentage of colonized broilers reported in the original paper was not related to the number of colonized broilers provided in the same paper.