Figure 6.

Experimental and simulation results of velocity vs. U_dc for the isolated mouse hepatic mitochondria. The error bars indicate the standard deviation of average velocity obtained at each U_dc by tracking individual trajectories (10 particles for the small mitochondria and 60 particles for large mitochondria) from the experimental results, respectively. Here, U_{ac_1} = 35 V for U_dc = 25 V, U_{ac_1} = 40 V for U_dc = 20 V, U_{ac_1} = 45 V for U_dc = 15 V, and U_{ac_1} = 50 V for U_dc = 10 V were applied for one complete period with U_{ac_2} of 800 V and f = 30 kHz to induce DEP-based ratchet migration. At these experimental conditions, the average migration velocities of large mitochondria (black square) were negative demonstrating the ratchet mechanism and the average migration velocities of small mitochondria (black circles) were positive showing the normal migration. Red open squares indicate simulation results for 650 nm sized organelles (300 particles for large mitochondria were simulated).