Table 1.
Bivariate analysis for socio-demographic and anthropometric factors associated with anemia in pregnancy
| Participant variable | ALL (n=263) | Normal Hb (n=226) | Anemia (n=37) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of cases (%)/median (range) | Number of cases (%)/mean ± SD | Number of cases (%)/mean ± SD | ||
| Antenatal care visit at enrollment | ||||
| First | 170 (64.6) | 143 (63.3) | 27 (73) | 0.307 |
| Second | 31 (11.8) | 27 (11.9) | 4 (10.8) | |
| Third | 19 (7.2) | 19 (8.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Fourth and more | 43 (16.4) | 37 (16.4) | 6 (16.2) | |
| Age | ||||
| < 25 years | 107 (40.7) | 88 (38.9) | 19 (51.4) | 0.154 |
| ≥ 25 years | 156 (59.3) | 138 (61.1) | 18 (48.6) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 237 (90.1) | 205 (90.7) | 32 (86.5) | 0.725 |
| Single | 16 (6.1) | 13 (5.8) | 3 (8.1) | |
| Widowed | 10 (3.8) | 8 (3.5) | 2 (5.4) | |
| Education level | ||||
| Informal | 4 (1.5) | 4 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0.612 |
| Primary | 54 (20.5) | 47 (20.8) | 7 (18.9) | |
| Secondary | 141 (53.6) | 118 (52.2) | 23 (62.2) | |
| Tertiary | 64 (24.3) | 57 (25.2) | 7 (18.9) | |
| Occupational status | ||||
| Business | 113 (43) | 99 (43.8) | 14 (37.8) | 0.132 |
| Professional | 51 (19.4) | 47 (20.8) | 4 (10.8) | |
| Unemployed | 99 (37.6) | 80 (35.4) | 19 (51.4) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Former | 3 (1.1) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (2.7) | 0.367 |
| Never | 260 (98.9) | 224 (99.1) | 36 (97.3) | |
| Alcohol usage | ||||
| Current | 12 (4.6) | 12 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.348 |
| Former | 44 (16.7) | 38 (16.8) | 6 (16.2) | |
| Never | 207 (78.7) | 176 (77.9) | 31 (83.8) | |
| District of residence | ||||
| Kampala | 184 (70) | 158 (69.9) | 26 (70.3) | 0.214 |
| Wakiso | 72 (27.4) | 62 (27.4) | 10 (27) | |
| Mukono | 4 (1.5) | 4 (1.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Entebbe | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Luweero | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.7) | |
| Mpigi | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 184 (70) | 162 (71.7) | 22 (59.5) | 0.133 |
| Rural | 79 (30) | 64 (28.3) | 15 (40.5) | |
| HIV status | ||||
| Negative | 256 (97.3) | 220 (97.3) | 36 (97.3) | 1.000 |
| Positive | 7 (2.7) | 6 (2.7) | 1 (2.7) | |
| Family size | ||||
| ≤4 | 210 (79.9) | 179 (79.2) | 31 (83.8) | 0.520 |
| ≥5 | 53 (20.2) | 47 (20.8) | 6 (16.2) | |
| Gravidity | ||||
| Primigravida | 95 (36.1) | 80 (35.4) | 15 (40.5) | 0.635 |
| Multigravida | 138 (52.5) | 120 (53.1) | 18 (48.6) | |
| Grand multigravida | 23 (8.8) | 19 (8.4) | 4 (10.8) | |
| Great grand multigravida | 7 (2.7) | 7 (3.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Previous abortion | ||||
| No | 223 (84.8) | 190 (84.1) | 33 (89.2) | 0.621 |
| Yes | 40 (15.2) | 36 (15.9) | 4 (10.8) | |
| Gestation age at enrollment (weeks) | 28 (5–40) | 26.7 ± 7.3 | 7.3 ± 5.3 | 0.347 |
| Trimester at enrollment | ||||
| 1 | 12 (4.6) | 12 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.200 |
| 2 | 115 (43.7) | 101 (44.7) | 14 (37.8) | |
| 3 | 136 (51.7) | 113 (50) | 23 (62.2) | |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Weight (kilograms) | 65.5 (41.9–117.6) | 68.9 ± 12.4 | 63.3 ± 8.6 | 0.008* |
| Height (meters) | 160 (140–175) | 159.1 ± 6.3 | 158.6 ± 5.9 | 0.658 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 (17.8–43.2) | 27.3 ± 4.7 | 25.2 ± 3.6 | 0.013* |
| Waist circumference (centimeters) | 95 (60–138) | 95.1 ± 10.4 | 91.1 ± 8.7 | 0.027* |
| Hip circumference (centimeters) | 102 (66–136) | 103.8 ± 9.8 | 98.5 ± 8.0 | 0.002* |
| WHR | 0.92 (0.59–1.38) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.576 |
| Blood pressure at enrollment | ||||
| SBP (mmHg), average | 124 (93–267) | 125 ± 18 | 118 ± 10 | 0.014* |
| DBP (mmHg), average | 77 (57–180) | 77 ± 13 | 74 ± 8 | 0.070 |
| Blood pressure category | ||||
| Normal | 99 (37.6) | 77 (34.1) | 22 (59.5) | 0.023* |
| Elevated | 54 (20.5) | 48 (21.2) | 6 (16.2) | |
| Hypertension I | 79 (30.0) | 70 (31) | 9 (24.3) | |
| Hypertension II | 28 (10.7) | 28 (12.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Hypertensive crisis | 3 (1.1) | 3 (1.3) | 0 (0) | |
*Statistically significant at P<0.05