Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
| Study ID | Study type | District (region) | Population | Study period | Total | Cases | Prevalence | Malaria | HIV | Helminths |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bongomin (present study) | Cross-sectional | Kampala (Central) | Antenatal care | 2020 | 263 | 37 | 14.1% | NA | 7 | NA |
| Finkelstein, 2020 [14] | Prospective sub study in an RCT | Tororo (Eastern) | Pregnant women living with HIV | 2009 to 2013 | 367 | 114 | 31.1% | NA | All were HIV+ | NA |
| Mahamoud, 2020 [19] | Cross-sectional | Kampala (Central) | Antenatal care | 2016 | 345 | 89 | 25.8% | NA | NA | NA |
| Nekaka, 2020 [20] | Cross-sectional | Mbale (Eastern) | The women who attended antenatal care and for labor at term | 2017 to 2018 | 210 | 61 | 29.0% | (9.1%) tested positive for malaria RDT | ||
| Okia, 2019 [21] | Cross-sectional | Ntungamo (Western) | Antenatal care | 2018 | 163 | 12 | 7.4% | NA | NA | NA |
| Obai, 2016 [11] | Cross-sectional | Gulu and Hoima (North and West) | Antenatal care | 2012 | 743 | 164 | 22.1% | NA | NA | NA |
| Braun, 2015 [22] | Cross-sectional | Fort Portal (Western) | Antenatal care | 2013 | 692 | 200 | 28.9% | 30/63 had malaria vs 170/629 without malaria | Not documented | NA |
| Baingana, 2014 [23] | Cross-sectional | Kampala (Central) | HIV-negative women in their first or second attending antenatal care. | 2009 | 141 | 41 | 29.1% | 6/8 with malaria had anemia vs 38/143 without malaria | Negative | 5/8 with hookworm had anemia vs 38/139 without hookworms |
| Ononge, 2014 [12] | Cross-sectional | Mpigi (Central) | Pregnant women at 28+ weeks of gestation at six health facilities. | 2013 | 2436 | 791 | 32.5% | Anemia in pregnancy was significantly associated with malaria | 190/2436 were HIV+; significant association with anemia. | NA |
| Arinaitwe, 2013 [24] | Cross-sectional | Tororo (Eastern) | Women delivering at Tororo District Hospital, with history of fansidar use. | 2011 | 565 | 247 | 43.7% | 19.1% of all participants had malaria | NA | NA |
| Mbule, 2013 [25] | Cross-sectional | Kiboga (Western) | Pregnant women in randomly selected household | Not indicated | 304 | 191 | 62.8% | NA | NA | NA |
| Namusoke, 2010 [26] | Cross-sectional | Kampala (Central) | Pregnant women in labor | 2004 to 2005 | 389 | 86 | 22.1% | Peripheral smear—9% (35/391), placental smear—11.3% (44/389), and placental histology- 13.9% (53/382) | NA | NA |
| Ndibazza, 2010 [27] | RCT | Entebbe (Central) | Pregnant women being recruited to a clinical trial | 2003 to 2005 | 2507 | 994 | 39.6% | 268/2507 (11%) had malaria at enrolment | 299/2507 (12%) overall sample were HIV+ at enrolment | At enrollment, 68% of women had helminths, 45% had hookworm, 18% had Schistosoma mansoni infection |
| Mbonye, 2008 [28] | Trial | Mukono (Central) | Community-based study | Not indicated | 761 | 431 | 56.6% | 573/2344 had malaria at recruitment | NA | NA |
| Ndyomugyenyi, 2008 [29] | RCT | Masindi (Western) | Pregnant women of any parity attending antenatal care in their second trimester | 2003 to 2005 | 832 | 171 | 20.6% | NA | NA | Majority infected with hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. |
| Muhangi, 2007 [13] | Sub study in a trial | Entebbe (Central) | Healthy pregnant women at enrolment to a trial of deworming in pregnancy. | 2003 to 2005 | 3155 | 1277 | 40.5% | 175/268 in malaria+ vs 807/2191 in malaria - patients, significant correlation | 171/299 (57.2%) in HIV positive patients compared to 825/2208 in HIV - (37.2%), significant correlation | No significant correlations with hookworms and other parasites (Strongyloides, Schistosoma, etc.) |
| Kaye, 2006 [30] | Prospective cohort | Kampala (Central) | Pregnant women attending antenatal care in the second trimester and followed up to delivery. | 2004 to 2005 | 612 | 433 | 70.8% | NA | NA | NA |
| Kasumba, 2000 [31] | Cross-sectional | Kampala (Central) | Pregnant women presenting at the labor ward for delivery | 1998 | 537 | 39 | 7.3% | Overall prevalence of 8.6% | NA |
RCT randomized clinical trial, NA not applicable, HIV human immunodeficiency virus