Table 4.
Characteristics of participants stratified by quartile of hemoglobin glycation index.
| Variables | Quartile of hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (Lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 (Highest) | ||
| Number of subjects | 5673 | 5609 | 5675 | 5739 | – |
| Male | 55.2% | 48.0% | 42.1% | 41.3%* | <0.001a |
| Age (years) | 47.2 ± 15.2 | 47.3 ± 15.4 | 46.9 ± 15.3 | 50.4 ± 14.9† | <0.001b |
| Old age (⩾65 years) | 16.9% | 18.6% | 18.1% | 22.1%* | <0.001b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 ± 3.1 | 22.0 ± 3.2 | 21.9 ± 3.3 | 22.7 ± 3.9† | <0.001b |
| Obesity (⩾25 kg/m2) | 16.9% | 15.7% | 16.6% | 23.4%* | <0.001a |
| CAVI | 7.72 ± 0.99 | 7.71 ± 1.00 | 7.68 ± 1.00 | 7.88 ± 1.03† | <0.001b |
| High CAVI (⩾9) | 12.9% | 13.2% | 13.1% | 17.7% | <0.001a |
| SBP (mmHg) | 125 ± 17 | 123 ± 17 | 121 ± 17 | 123 ± 18† | <0.001b |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74 ± 11 | 72 ± 11 | 71 ± 11 | 72 ± 12† | <0.001b |
| Hypertension | 24.5% | 20.8% | 19.5% | 25.2%* | 0.003a |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 92 ± 16 | 87 ± 10 | 85 ± 11 | 87 ± 22† | <0.001b |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.8† | <0.001b |
| Diabetes | 3.2% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 12.6%* | <0.001a |
| HGI (%) | −0.40 ± 0.23 | −0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.43 ± 0.36† | <0.001b |
| TC (mg/dL) | 206 ± 36 | 209 ± 36 | 208 ± 36 | 212 ± 38† | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 104 ± 92 | 98 ± 86 | 94 ± 68 | 106 ± 84 | <0.001b |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 68 ± 17 | 68 ± 17 | 67 ± 17 | 65 ± 17† | <0.001b |
| Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 138 ± 36 | 141 ± 36 | 141 ± 37 | 147 ± 39† | <0.001b |
| TyG index | 8.27 ± 0.63 | 8.17 ± 0.59 | 8.11 ± 0.59 | 8.22 ± 0.63 | <0.001b |
| Dyslipidemia | 42.9% | 43.4% | 42.7% | 50.6%* | <0.001a |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.4† | <0.001b |
| Hyperuricemia | 13.3% | 12.0% | 10.7% | 11.1%* | 0.002a |
BMI: body mass index; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HGI: hemoglobin glycation index; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TyG index: triglycerides and glucose index.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
*
p < 0.005, Cochran-Q test, Q1 versus Q4.
†
p < 0.001, Bonferroni test, Q1 versus Q4.
a
Cochran-Armitage test.
b
ANOVA, p value for trend.